Anoush Cab, Inc. v. Uber Techs., Inc.

8 F.4th 1

ANOUSH CAB, INC.; Arams, Inc.; Ararrat, Inc.; Atlantic Cab, Inc.; Barlow Cab, Inc.; Bedros Cab, Inc.; Boylston Cab, Inc.; Brigham Cab, Inc.; Cleveland Cab, Inc. ; Diamond Cab, Inc.; Elsie Cab, Inc.; Fenway Taxi, Inc.; G&A Cab, Inc. ; Jordan Cab, Inc. ; Jubran Cab, Inc.; Kilmarnock Cab, Inc.; Little Island Cab, Inc. ; Locust Cab, Inc.; Longwood Cab, Inc.; M & AN Cab, Inc.; M.P.E. Cab, Inc.; Marbed Cab, Inc.; Massis, Inc.; Mesrob, Inc.; N.E. Cab, Inc. ; Oriole Cab, Inc.; Peterborough Cab, Inc.; Queensbury Cab, Inc.; Sahag, Inc.; Sovereign Cab, Inc.; V & A Cab, Inc.; Veras, Inc.; Vickys, Inc.; Yellowbird Cab, Inc., Plaintiffs, Appellants,

Gill & Gill, Inc.; Nanak Naam, Inc.; Amritsar Express, Inc.; Sonny and Bobby Trans., Inc. ; Gill Trans., Inc. ; Finos Taxi, Inc.; Charlene Taxi, Inc.; Mytasha Taxi, Inc.; Wyoming Cab, Inc.; Edward's Taxi, Inc. ; Curtis Cab, Inc. ; My Father Taxi, Inc.; Mic-Paul Taxi, Inc.; A. Stacy Taxi, Inc.; Patti Pie Taxi, Inc.; McGaff Taxi, Inc.; Rawan Taxi, Inc.; Spring Taxi, Inc. ; Summers Taxi, Inc.; Autumn Taxi, Inc.; Winters Taxi, Inc.; Bow Street Taxi; Blue Knight Taxi, Inc.; Chele Taxi, Inc.; Christmas Taxi, Inc.; Ges Taxi, Inc. ; Grand Sport Taxi, Inc.; Breenie Taxi, Inc.; Lil's Taxi, Inc.; Claire Taxi, Inc. ; Don-Lil Taxi, Inc.; Andy's Cab, Inc.; Boardman Cab, Inc.; Grove Cab, Inc.; Secret Squirrel Taxi, Inc.; Navjit Cab, Inc. ; Preed, Inc. ; Najjar Enterprises, Inc. ; Bilga, Inc.; Jimmy 1, Inc. ; Anju Trans., Inc. ; Deep Cab, Inc.; Ematesse Cab, Inc.; Christopher Cab, Inc. ; Dadoo Cab, Inc.; Guru Gobind Cab, Inc. ; Aubanel Trans., Inc.; RAMC Cab, Inc. ; Ted D. J. Taxi, Inc. ; Makonnen Cab, Inc.; Yellow Cab of Belmont, Inc.; Majid, Inc.; Joune, Inc. ; Hare Hare Trans., Inc.; Anpaul Cab, Inc. ; Tabiking Express, Inc.; Marcia and Everton Cab, Inc. ; Ricardo & Joanne Cab, Inc.; Patience Taxi, Inc. ; Turk Trans., Inc.;

Nativity Cab, Inc.; Rose Cab, Inc.; Haama Trans, Inc. ; Tom's Taxi, Inc.; Mera Soami, Inc.; Mugal Trans., Inc.; Khaveeri, Inc. ; F. Edel, Inc.; Angereb, Inc.; Tremont Street Taxi, Inc.; Ganga, Inc.; New Invision, Inc.; K. Heyden, Inc. ; Brent Taxi, Inc.; Iraj, Inc.; Swami Ji, Inc.; Geolange, Inc.; Esperanta Taxi, Inc.; Singh Cab, Inc. ; Shiva Ji Cab, Inc.; Larrouse Cab, Inc. ; Jave Cab, Inc. ; Talin Cab, Inc. ; Lunica, Inc.; Nile Express, Inc.; Smooth Rider, Inc.; E. and Anne Taxi, Inc.; Alen's Cab, Inc. ; Megan Cab, Inc. ; Samuel Transportation, Inc.; Petit Goave Cab, Inc. ; Michael Cab, Inc.; Absolute Taxi of Cambridge, Inc.; Alta Taxi, Inc. ; Tarjan Cab, Inc.; Alexandria Trans., Inc.; Kohsar, Inc.; Rival Cab, Inc. ; YHWH Sabaoth, Inc. ; Praise the Lord, Inc.; Harvard Square Cab, Inc. ; Flying Carpet Cab, Inc. ; Mehrose, Inc. ; Amar Trans., Inc.; RB Cab, Inc. ; Croyance Cab, Inc. ; P.I. Cab, Inc.; Homano & Carl Taxi, Inc. ; Fledo, Inc.; J.W. Cab Inc.; Pidi Cab, Inc.; Godavari, Inc. ;

St. Richard Taxi, Inc.; Ruth Cab, Inc.; Satkartar, Inc.; Eliot Cab, Inc. ; Wadh Bagh Singh Cab, Inc. ; My Yasmina Cab, Inc.; Two Girls Taxi, Inc. ; Papeso Cab, Inc.; Zahida Trans., Inc.; Yves Taxi, Inc.; Yung Cab, Inc. ; Paloma Transportation, Inc.; Martha's Trans., Inc.; La Boule De Feu, Inc. ; Splendide Cab, Inc.; Shoopite Cab, Inc.; Green Land, Inc.; TR Cab, Inc.; Fedsen & Tedsen, Inc.; Dieu Est Bon, Inc.; Viceroy Cab, Inc.; Neges Jr., Cab, Inc.; Radha Swami Bias, Inc.; Promise Cab, Inc.; G.G.M. Cab, Inc.; Pable Taxi, Inc. ; Brothers Cab, Inc.; Kassie Cab, Inc.; Jazz Taxi, Inc. ; B Good Cab, Inc.; Ohm, Shiva & Ganesh Cab, Inc.; L'oiseau Taxi, Inc.; Lysette & Jardus, Inc.; Fatima Cab, Inc. ; Selon Dieu Cab, Inc.; M. & D. Brothers, Inc. ; La Trinite, Inc.; Lovely One, Inc.; Wilvens Cab, Inc. ; Good Time Cab, Inc.; Dou Dou Cab, Inc. ; MGP Taxi, Inc. ; G. Jose Cab, Inc. ; Jeahanna Taxi, Inc. ; Natou Cab, Inc. ; Clerna Corp.; Antonio & Franco, Inc. ; Guru Tegh Bhadur Cab, Inc. ; Mona Cab, Inc. ; Eric & Maria Cab, Inc. ; Chris and Junior, Inc.; Surprise Cab, Inc.; Chenal Cab, Inc.; Anh Cab, Inc.; August Cab, Inc.; Kartar Cab, Inc.; Nimrah Trans., Inc.;

Jelus Cab, Inc.; Elzira & Luc Cab, Inc. ; BKMB, Inc. ; Only Believe Taxi, Inc. ; Nada, Inc. ; Manor Cab, Inc. ; Galehad Taxi, Inc. ; A. Tammy Cab, Inc.; Garven's Cab, Inc. ; Arnold Court Taxi, Inc. ; BBJ Cab, Inc. ; Silva Cab, Inc. ; Gumat Cab, Inc.; Briol Cab, Inc.; Best Is Best Cab, Inc.; MJ Taxi Cab, Inc. ; Sami's Taxi, Inc. ; C.T.P. I, Inc.; Era Et Labora, Inc. ; Munny Trans., Inc.; Harsh Cab, Inc.; Soeg Cab, Inc.; Aldine Cab, Inc.; Tivy, Inc.; Isaih Mathew, Inc.; Advantage Taxi of Cambridge, Inc.; Banwait Trans., Inc. ; Cayes II Cab, Inc.; Jacquet Cab, Inc. ; Eben-Ezer Taxi Cab, Inc.; Yoly-Carvens, Inc.; Sheikh Trans., Inc.; My Nathalie Cab, Inc.; Red Fish Cab, Inc. ; Azin Taxi, Inc.; Meklit Cab, Inc. ; P & S Taxi Corp.; Robenson Taxi, Inc.; RP Excelsior, Inc.; Millennium Taxi, Inc.; BB Taxi Express, Inc.; Teja Trans., Inc.; ROL & G., Inc.; Love Cab, Inc.; Les Gens Du Nord, Inc., Bhargo Inc., H & L Cab, Inc.; Delivrance Cab, Inc. ; Town Taxi of Cape Cod, Inc.; Kurala Trans., Inc. ; Tina & Nina Trans., Inc. ; Mava Taxi, Inc.; Cambridge Cab Connection, Inc.; Hernandez Transportation, Inc. ; Ril-Tul Cab, Inc.; Khalsa Cab, Inc.; Alpha Omega Cab, Inc. ; T & J Cab, Inc.;

Mt. Everest, Inc.; U & I Corp.; JFL Cab, Inc.; Dady-Phone, Inc.; R. Candy Taxi, Inc.; Victoria Cab, Inc.; Selam Transportation, Inc.; Pro-Cab, Inc.; Yotille Cab, Inc.; ABCD Taxi, Inc. ; NKB Cab, Inc.; Marcus Cab, Inc. ; Elpoorag, Inc. ; Kendra Corporation; Britney Cab, Inc.; Elan Cab, Inc.; Jai Gurudev Corporation ; Dophy Taxi, Inc.; Dreamers Cab, Inc.; Walger, Inc.; Desdunes United, Inc.; Patrick Taxi, Inc. ; Douceur Cab, Inc.; Je Crois En Dieu, Inc.; Mt. Carmelle Taxi, Inc. ; Abbed Cab, Inc.; Addis Cab, Inc.; Ariel & Japheth, Inc. ; Bethel Cab, Inc. ; Charlie Cab, Inc. ; Coretta, Inc.; Cyrilo Cab, Inc. ; Dalesha Taxi, Inc. ; Desdunes Cab, Inc.; Elysse Corporation; First Street Cab, Inc. ; G & E. Cab, Inc. ; GL Cab, Inc. ; Goh Cab, Inc.; Gagan Taxi, Inc.; Jacqueline Cab, Inc. ; Jeremie Taxi, Inc. ; Louine Cab, Inc.; M. Angelo Cab, Inc.; Nahar Singh Cab, Inc.; Nek Fab, Inc. ; O.D.J. Taxi, Inc. ; Onkar Cab, Inc.; PH & KN, Inc.; Radha Trans., Inc.;

Randah Cab, Inc. ; S & J Inc.; Two Boys Cab, Inc.; Virginia Cab, Inc.; Windsor Cab, Inc.; Zando Cab, Inc.; Ahram Cab, Inc.; an Yin Pa Ta, Inc.; Anderson & Joshua Cab, Inc.; Anna Cab, Inc. ; Aristocrats Ambiance Taxi, Inc.; Bainet Cab, Inc.; Bay City Taxi, Inc.; Bibi's Cab, Inc.; C.E.F. Cab, Inc.; Cambridge Classic Cab, Inc. ; Cayes Cab, Inc.; Central Square, Cab, Inc.; Cleo Taxi, Inc. ; Demosterne, Inc.; Eagle Taxi, Inc.; El Chalday, Inc.; Elizabeth Cab, Inc.; Enchante Taxi, Inc.; Eureka Cab, Inc. ; Farb, Inc.; G & J Cab Inc.; Giorgio's Cab, Inc. ; Golden Temple Trans., Inc.; Green Stripe Cab, Inc.; Guru Trans., Inc.; Hawelti Cab, Inc., Hosana Taxi, Inc., Ita Cab, Inc.; Impeccable Trans, Inc.; JMF Cab, Inc.; JV Taxi, Inc.; Jezil Cab, Inc.; Joyse Cab, Inc.; Karim Cab, Inc. ; Keshia Cab, Inc.; Kevin Taxi, Inc. ; Krishana Trans., Inc.; Krishna Krishna Trans., Inc.; Larrieux Cab, Inc. ; Lele Cab, Inc.; Lexington Taxi, Inc.; MIT Cab, Inc.; Mark & S, Inc.; Mas Taxi, Inc.; Melchisedek Cab, Inc.; Mirka, Inc.;

Mogadishu Cab, Inc.; Naju, Inc.; Nelcheri Cab, Inc.; No No Cab, Inc.; P & G Cab, Inc. ; P & P Dumerant Corp.; Pafou Cab, Inc.; Papu, Inc.; Paul Cab, Inc.; Queen Jessica Cab, Inc.; Raavi Trans., Inc.; Rai Transportation, Inc.; Red Cab of Worcester, Inc.; Renee Taxi, Inc.; Renette & Francklyn, Inc. ; Rios Gon Cab, Inc.; Rock Solid & Momone, Inc. ; Roly Cab, Inc.; Sasun Cab, Inc.; Satnum Cab, Inc.; Sea Wall Taxi, Inc. ; Shani Taxi, Inc.; Sunset Cab, Inc.; Symphony Taxi, Inc. ; TT, Inc.; Taxi Technology, Inc.; Taylor Taxi, Inc. ; Telfort Cab, Inc. ; Ulysse Trans. Holding, Corp.; Ulysse's Cab, Inc.; Yo Yo Cab, Inc. ; You Too Cab, Inc.; Zicky Cab, Inc. ; 116 Cab, Inc.; Hanef Trans., Inc.; Tristan & Vanessa Cab, Inc. ; Binyamin Cab, Inc. ; Cathul, Inc.; Christopher's Cab, Inc.; Dillons Trans., Inc. ; Marzeneb, Inc.; Meshualekia, Inc. ; Phatricksey Cab, Inc.; You and I Cab, Inc. ; Benito & Roseline Cab, Inc.; De Lerebours, Inc.; Laracine, Inc.; Leyna Cab, Inc.; Mobarak Cab, Inc.; Reham Cab, Inc. ; Rosamelia Inc.; SJP Taxi, Inc.; Thomas Family, Inc.; GADL Cab, Inc., Lideta Cab, Inc. ; KBS Cab, Inc.; MSW Taxi, Inc.; Mahnoor Trans., Inc.; PAL Taxi, Inc.; Roody's Cab, Inc.; C & G Leasing, Inc. ; La Diligence, Inc.;

Hare Krishna Trans., Inc.; Jojo E.M. Cab, Inc.; Jane Mary Cab, Inc. ; Jeffrey & Tanisha, Inc. ; Jehovah Jureh, Inc.; Kalkat Cab, Inc. ; Hiram's Taxi, Inc. ; Stefan Turolski; Defer Cab, Inc.; Shree Ganesh Cab, Inc. ; Cadoux Taxi, Inc.; Deruka Taxi, Inc. ; Fafou Cab, Inc.; M and J Cab, Inc.; N M R Cab, Inc.; Noor Cab, Inc. ; Paul Paras; Punjab Trans., Inc.; Sweet Rose Trans., Inc.; Taj Trans., Inc.; Take It EZ Cab, Inc. ; Youssef, Inc.; Betru Ami Corp.; Crossroad Trans. Inc.; Hattie Cab, Inc.; Himalaya, Inc. ; Iqra Enterprise, Inc.; Jason Cab, Inc.; McG Cab, Inc. ; Manhar, Inc.; Micasta Cab, Inc. ; Next Cab, Inc. ; Parvati Cab, Inc. ; Rodney Cab, Inc.; Sj Cab, Inc.; Satlouj, Inc. ; Seven Hills Taxi, Inc.; Ti Lou Lou Cab, Inc.; Dalul, Inc. ; Franklin Taxi, Inc.; Les-Mar Taxi, Inc.; Bern. & Y. Cab, Inc.; Debra Cab, Inc.; Edward Noel, Inc.; God is Good, Inc.;

Jude Cab, Inc. ; Yahweh Cab, Inc. ; Baba Nanak Cab, Inc.; Carlon Trans., Inc.; Matelots, Inc.; Mew Cab, Inc.; Nancy Cab, Inc. ; On Y Va Taxi, Inc. ; Benben Cab, Inc. ; Beno Cab, Inc. ; C.T.P. II, Inc.; D Q Donne Cab, Inc.; Kripalu Trans., Inc. ; Noma Cab, Inc. ; Orow, Inc.; Radha Soami, Inc.; Rebecca Cab, Inc. ; Baran Trans., Inc.; Cambridge Taxi, Inc.; J & J Transportation, Inc.; Le Bon Berger, Inc.; Nicky Trans, Inc. ; Samyr Cab, Inc.; Sosthene, Inc.; W.L.E.J., Inc.; Willky-Medgene, Inc. ; Daphne Taxi, Inc.; Et Cab, Inc. ; Fern, Inc.; Four J's Cab, Inc.; Grand Canyon, Inc.; Hare Ram Trans., Inc. ; Inman Cab, Inc.; Mitachal Cab, Inc.; Nel & Son, Inc.; P.B. Cab, Inc. ; Ripert Cab,...