Asbury Park Bd. of Educ. v. Hope Academy Charter

278 F.Supp.2d 417

ASBURY PARK BOARD OF EDUCATION, Plaintiff, v. HOPE ACADEMY CHARTER SCHOOL, et al., Defendants.

Civil Action No. 02-2421 (MLC).

United States District Court, D. New Jersey.

August 27, 2003.

Stephen J. Edelstein, Esq., Schwartz, Simon, Edelstein, Celso & Kessler, LLP, Florham Park, NJ, for Plaintiff.

Howard M. Nirenberg, Esq., Nirenberg & Varano, Esqs., Hackensack, NJ, for Defendant Hope Academy Charter School.

Fredrick P. Niemann, Esq., Hanlon & Niemann, PC, Freehold, NJ, for Defendant Academy Charter High School.

Sarah G. Crowley, Esq., Office of the New Jersey Attorney General, Trenton, NJ, for Defendant State of New Jersey, Department of Education.

Lois H. Goodman, Esq., Carpenter, Bennett & Morrissey, Newark, NJ, for Amicus New Jersey Charter Public Schools Association.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

COOPER, District Judge.

This matter comes before the court on the motion by plaintiff Asbury Park Board of Education ("school district") for summary judgment on the complaint and separate cross motions by defendants Hope Academy Charter School ("Hope Academy") and the State of New Jersey Department of Education ("NJDOE") for summary judgment dismissing the complaint, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure ("Rule") 56. The complaint seeks declaratory and injunctive relief that section 18A:36A-11(b) of the New Jersey Charter School Program Act ("Charter School Act"), as applied by defendant NJDOE, conflicts with and is preempted by section 1412(a)(1) and (5) of the Federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ("IDEA"). Because we find, as explained below, that the IDEA does not afford the school district a private right of action in this action, we will (1) deny the motion; (2) grant the cross motions; and (3) dismiss the complaint in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

I. Statutory Background

A. Relevant Federal Law: IDEA

The IDEA "represents an ambitious federal effort to promote the education of handicapped children." Bd. of Educ. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 179, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982). States receiving federal funding under the IDEA, including New Jersey, must comply with federal guidelines and regulations established to assure a "free appropriate public education" ("FAPE") for disabled children. 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1). The IDEA also mandates that states educate disabled children with nondisabled children whenever possible ("IDEA's mainstreaming requirement"). 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(5); Oberti v. Bd. of Educ., 995 F.2d 1204, 1206-07, 1213-15 (3d Cir.1993). Moreover, "special education and related services must be tailored to the unique needs of the handicapped child by means of an individualized education program [`IEP']." D.B. v. Ocean Twp. Bd. of Educ., 985 F.Supp. 457, 471 (D.N.J.1997).

B. Relevant State Law: Charter School Act and State Implementation of IDEA

The Charter School Act was enacted to establish charter school programs in New Jersey. Among other things, it provides:

A charter school shall comply with the provisions of chapter 46 of Title 18A of the New Jersey Statutes concerning the provision of services to handicapped students; except that the fiscal responsibility for any student currently enrolled in or determined to require a private day or residential school shall remain with the district of residence.

N.J.S.A. § 18A:36A-11 ("Charter School Act's IDEA provision"). The statute referenced in the Charter School Act's IDEA provision reflects New Jersey's participation in the IDEA. See N.J.S.A. §§ 18A:46-1 to:46-46; see also N.J.A.C. §§ 6:28-1 to -11; Lascari v. Bd. of Educ., 116 N.J. 30, 35, 560 A.2d 1180, 1182 (1989). It requires school districts to, inter alia, develop an IEP and determine the appropriate educational placement for each disabled child, after an evaluation by a child study team ("CST"). N.J.S.A. § 18A:46-5.1; N.J.A.C. § 6A:14-3.1(b).

II. Factual and Procedural Background

Defendants Academy Charter High School ("Charter High") and Hope Academy (collectively "the charter schools") are organized pursuant to the Charter School Act and accept students from the school district. (Compl.¶¶ 6-7.) At least two "special needs" students previously attending regular education classes in the school district ("the students") have enrolled in the charter schools.¹ (Schwartz Certif. filed 1-10-03, Exs. 5-D; 6 ¶¶ 6, 9; 8 ¶¶ 6, 9; 7-D.) The charter schools then transferred the students, without consulting the school district, to private schools and sought reimbursement from the school district, pursuant to the Charter School Act's IDEA provision. (Id., Exs. 6 ¶ 15, 18; 8 ¶ 15.)

The school district temporarily paid for the students' education at the private schools, but advised the charter schools that it disagreed with the placements. (Schwartz Certif., Exs. 5-E & 7-F.) The school district also wrote to NJDOE to express its opinion that the charter schools should have sought input from the school district before sending the students to private schools. (Id., Ex. 3-C.) NJDOE, however, advised the school district that the charter schools have their own CSTs as well as the authority to conduct evaluations, develop IEPs, and determine educational placements for disabled students. (Id., Ex. 3-A.)

The school district instituted this action on May 17, 2002, seeking, inter alia, a declaratory judgment that NJDOE's application of the Charter School Act's IDEA provision conflicts with and is preempted by the IDEA's mainstreaming requirement. See 20 U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1); N.J.S.A. § 18A:36A-11(b). It then moved for summary judgment on January 10, 2003. Defendants oppose the motion, arguing, among other things, that NJDOE's application of the Charter School Act's IDEA provision is consistent with the IDEA's mainstreaming requirement. (Hope Academy's Br. at 6-22; NJDOE's Br. at 10-16; Charter High's Br. at 5-9.)

Charter High also contends in opposition that the school district does not have the right to challenge the students' placement under the IDEA. (Id. at 11.) We agree with Charter High insofar as it asserts that the IDEA does not expressly or implicitly afford the school district a private right of action here.²

ANALYSIS

The private-right-of-action requirement stems from the federal courts' limited jurisdiction pursuant to Article III of the Constitution; "we may not hear actions without authorization from Congress." S.C. v. Deptford Twp. Bd. of Educ., 213 F.Supp.2d 452, 456 (D.N.J. 2002). Accordingly, in every case we must determine whether a statute at issue expressly or implicitly reveals a Congressional intent to create a private right of action on behalf of the plaintiff. Alexander v. Sandoval, 532 U.S. 275, 286, 121 S.Ct. 1511, 149 L.Ed.2d 517 (2001).

I. No Express Private Right of Action

The IDEA provides parents or guardians (collectively "parents") an opportunity to present complaints regarding, inter alia, the educational placement of their disabled children. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6). Once a complaint is filed, parents also are entitled to "an impartial due process hearing" conducted by a state or local educational agency. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(f)(1). "Any party aggrieved by the findings and decision made ... shall have the right to bring a civil action with respect to the complaint" in federal district court. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A).

The IDEA, therefore, provides an express private right of action only after a party has filed a complaint with respect to a particular child and sought a due process hearing through the state administrative process. Compare County of Westchester v. State of New York, 286 F.3d 150, 152-53 (2d Cir.2002) (no private right of action for counties suing state for alleged failure to satisfy IDEA requirements); and Andrews v. Ledbetter, 880 F.2d 1287, 1288-91 (11th Cir.1989) (local education agencies cannot sue education department to provide IDEA services absent underlying challenge by handicapped child, parent, or guardian); with Beth V. v. Carroll, 87 F.3d 80, 85-88 (3d Cir.1996) (express private right of action for parents who filed complaint but were denied due process hearing); S.C., 213 F.Supp.2d at 456-59 (express private right of action includes school district's third-party complaint against NJDOE in action initiated by parents; distinguishing Ledbetter and Westchester; stating no right to sue absent underlying controversy over particular child); and Todd D. v. Andrews, 933 F.2d 1576, 1582-83 (11th Cir.1991) (allowing cross claim by local educational authority against education department in action initiated by parents; distinguishing Ledbetter).³ Because the school district, like the plaintiffs in Ledbetter and Westchester, was not aggrieved by the outcome of underlying administrative proceedings in a dispute over a particular child, the IDEA similarly does not afford it an express private right of action.

II. No Implied Private Right of Action

Courts consider four factors in determining whether a statute implies a private right of action:

(1) whether the plaintiff is a member of the class "for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted";

(2) whether there is evidence of legislative intent to create or preclude the relief sought;

(3) whether the relief sought is consistent with the legislative scheme;

(4) whether the relief sought is the type that is "traditionally relegated to states" such that federal relief would interfere with the state scheme.

Mallenbaum v. Adelphia Comms., 74 F.3d 465, 469 (3d Cir.1996) (quoting Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 78, 95 S.Ct. 2080, 45 L.Ed.2d 26 (1975)).⁴ We must focus our inquiry on legislative intent, which includes the first two factors. Transamerica Mortgage Advisors, Inc. v. Lewis, 444 U.S. 11, 23-24, 100 S.Ct. 242, 62 L.Ed.2d 146 (1979); Mallenbaum, 74 F.3d at 469.

The Congressional findings and purposes as well as the legislative history of the IDEA indicate that the individuals for whose "especial benefit the [IDEA] was enacted" are disabled children and their parents....