Bell v. Stop & Shop Supermarket

REGINALD BELL, Plaintiff, v. STOP AND SHOP SUPERMARKET, Defendant.

Civ. No. 18-13

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF THE VIRGIN ISLANDS DIVISION OF ST. CROIX

October 15, 2020

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

OPINION

THOMPSON, U.S.D.J.¹

INTRODUCTION

This matter comes before the Court upon the U.S. Magistrate Judge's "Report and Recommendation" ("R&R") (ECF No. 9), in which the U.S. Magistrate Judge granted the Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis filed by Plaintiff Reginald Bell ("Plaintiff") (ECF No. 7) and recommended that the Court dismiss Plaintiff's claim for monetary damages with prejudice but allow Plaintiff's claim for injunctive relief to proceed. Plaintiff has not objected to the R&R. Defendant Stop and Shop Supermarket ("Defendant") objects only to the Magistrate Judge's recommendation that Plaintiff's claim for injunctive relief survive review under 28 U.S.C § 1915(e)(2). (ECF No. 25.) For the reasons stated herein, the Court adopts in part and rejects in part the R&R and dismisses the Complaint.

BACKGROUND

I. The Complaint

Plaintiff alleges that he was refused service at Defendant's store because of his service animal. (Compl. at 3, ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff asserts that he was asked to leave Defendant's store by a manager and a government employee, despite having previously obtained permission to visit the store with his service animal. (Id. at 3-4.) Plaintiff filed the present Complaint alleging violations of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act ("ADA"), 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq., and 28 C.F.R. Part 35. (Id. at 1.) The Complaint seeks $250,000 in damages and an injunction directing Defendant to accommodate service animals and install signage welcoming service animals. (Id. at 4.) Plaintiff also filed an Application to Proceed In Forma Pauperis. (ECF No. 7.)

II. The Magistrate Judge's Report and Recommendation

The Magistrate Judge found that Plaintiff demonstrated his inability to pay the required court costs and granted Plaintiff's application to proceed In Forma Pauperis. (R&R at 1, ECF No. 9.) The Magistrate Judge then screened the Complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and recommended that Plaintiff's claim for monetary damages be dismissed because monetary damages are not an available remedy under Title III of the ADA. (Id. at 3-4.) The R&R also recommended that Plaintiff's claim for injunctive relief under Title III of the ADA be permitted to move forward. (Id. at 4.) The Magistrate Judge reasoned that "construed liberally, Plaintiff's complaint satisfies the requirements that he show that he has a "plausible claim for relief." (Id.)

III. Defendant's Objection

Defendant objects only to the Magistrate Judge's finding that the Complaint sufficiently makes out a plausible claim for injunctive relief. (Objection at 3-4, ECF No. 25.) Defendantargues that Plaintiff has not made a prima facie claim for discrimination under Title III of the ADA because (i) Plaintiff seeks relief under Title II, not Title III; (ii) Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant is a public entity; (iii) the Complaint fails to plead that Plaintiff has a disability or a qualifying disability; (iv) Plaintiff fails to allege that Defendant was aware of his disability; and (v) Plaintiff lacks standing under the ADA. (Id. at 4.) Defendant also filed a Motion to Dismiss that advances the same arguments. (ECF No. 22.)²

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Objections to a Magistrate Judge's report and recommendation must be filed within fourteen days. Fed. R. Civ. P. 72(b)(2). When a party files written objections,

[a] judge of the court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made. A judge of the court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.

28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C).

Because Defendant timely objected to the Magistrate Judge's R&R,³ the Court will review de novo the portion of the R&R to which the objection is made.

In the absence of objections, the district court reviews the report and recommendation's conclusions on dispositive issues for "plain error." Tice v. Wilson, 425 F. Supp. 2d 676, 680(W.D. Pa. 2006) (citing Henderson v. Carlson, 812 F.2d 874, 878 (3d Cir. 1987)), aff'd 276 F. App'x 125 (3d Cir. 2008). Under this standard, the district court will defer to the Magistrate Judge's rulings unless the error was "'clear' or 'obvious' and seriously affect[s] the fairness or integrity of the judicial proceedings." Id. (citing United States v. Sargeant, 171 F. App'x 954, 957 n.4 (3d Cir. 2006)).

LEGAL STANDARD

In a proceeding in forma pauperis, a complaint may be subject to sua sponte dismissal if the complaint is frivolous, fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or seeks money damages from defendants who are immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B); Roman v. Jeffes, 904 F.2d 192, 194 n.1 (3d Cir. 1990). "The legal standard for dismissing a complaint for failure to state a claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as that for dismissing a complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)." Schreane v. Seana, 506 F. App'x 120, 122 (3d Cir. 2012).

A motion under Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure tests the sufficiency of a complaint. Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 183 (3d Cir. 1993). "The defendant bears the burden of showing that no claim has been presented." Hedges v. United States, 404 F.3d 744, 750 (3d Cir. 2005). When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, a district court conducts a three-part analysis. Malleus v. George, 641 F.3d 560, 563 (3d Cir. 2011). "First, the court must 'tak[e] note of the elements a plaintiff must plead to state a claim.'" Id. (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 675 (2009)). "Second, the court should identify allegations that, 'because they are no more than conclusions, are not entitled to the assumption of truth.'" Id. (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679). The court must accept as true all well-pleaded factual allegations and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside,578 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2009) (citation omitted). Third, the court must determine whether the facts "plausibly give rise to an entitlement for relief." Malleus, 641 F.3d at 563 (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679); see also Fowler, 578 F.3d at 211. While courts construe pro se pleadings less stringently than formal pleadings drafted by attorneys, "pro se litigants still must allege sufficient facts in their complaints to support a claim." Mala v. Crown Bay Marina, Inc., 704 F.3d 239, 245 (3d Cir. 2013) (citation omitted).

DISCUSSION

I. Construction of the Complaint

The Complaint alleges a violation of Title II of the ADA. (Compl. at 1.) Title II applies to public entities, such as state and local governments. 42 U.S.C. § 1213. Defendant correctly notes that it is an improper defendant for a Title II action. (Objection at 3.) Because Title II cannot afford Plaintiff relief, the Magistrate Judge construed the Complaint to assert a claim under Title III of the ADA, which applies to places of public accommodation. (R&R at 2 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12182(a)).)

The Court agrees with the Magistrate Judge's construction of Plaintiff's claim. A document filed pro se is "to be liberally construed," and "must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers." Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104-05 (1976)). Because Title II is clearly the incorrect vehicle for Plaintiff's claim, the Court will construe the Complaint to seek relief under Title III of the ADA, which provides an appropriate basis for the claim.

III. Title III of the ADA

A. Standing

To assert standing for a Title III ADA claim, a plaintiff must demonstrate a likelihood ofreturning to the place of the alleged ADA violation, such that the threat of future injury is concrete and particularized. Anderson v. Macy's, Inc., 943 F. Supp. 2d 531, 539 (W.D. Pa. 2013). Plaintiff alleges that he frequently shops at Defendant's store and that he has been there at least twenty times with his service animal. (Compl. at 4.) The Court finds that given Plaintiff's repeated visits to Defendant's store, Plaintiff has demonstrated a likelihood of returning to the place of the alleged ADA violation, and thus that the threat of future injury is concrete and particularized. Accordingly, the Court concludes at this stage of the case that Plaintiff has standing under Title III of the ADA.

B. Prima Facie Claim

To establish a failure-to-accommodate claim, a plaintiff must show that (1) he is disabled, (2) the defendant is a "public accommodation" under Title III of the ADA, and (3) the defendant "unlawfully discriminated against him on the basis of his disability by (a) failing to make a reasonable modification that was (b) necessary to accommodate his disability." Matheis v. CSL Plasma, Inc., 936 F.3d 171, 175 (3d Cir. 2019). Disability is defined under the ADA as a "physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such an individual; a record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an impairment." Sharrow v. Bailey, 910 F. Supp. 187, 191 (M.D. Pa. 1995) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2)).

Construing Plaintiff's pro se Complaint liberally, the Court finds that Plaintiff has not adequately pleaded that Defendant failed to make a reasonable accommodation for Plaintiff's disability under Title III of the ADA. The Complaint states that Plaintiff "walked into Stop and Shop Supermarket and was approached by Manager and told to leave store because of my service animal." (Compl. at 3.) Plaintiff alleges that the manager had previously given himpermission to bring the service animal into the store and that he has "been in Stop and Shop 20 times with [his] service animal incident free." (Id. at 3-4.)...