CHAPTER 4
CANADA
Canada-3
CONTENTS
A. OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................ 9
1. General Policies Underlying Competition Laws ............................................ 9
a. Introduction ......................................................................................... 9
b. Principal Objectives .......................................................................... 11
c. Role of Economic Doctrines and Analysis ....................................... 12
(1) Market Power ........................................................................... 14
(2) Market Definition ..................................................................... 15
(3) Market Concentration ............................................................... 16
(4) Unilateral and Coordinated Competitive Effects ..................... 17
(5) Barriers to Entry ....................................................................... 18
(6) Efficiencies ............................................................................... 18
2. Overview of Applicable Statutes .................................................................. 19
3. Overview of Structure, Independence, and Jurisdiction
of Enforcement Agencies .......................................................................... 22
4. Overview of Structure, Independence, and Jurisdiction
of Judicial Authorities ............................................................................... 23
a. Competition Tribunal ........................................................................ 23
b. The Courts ........................................................................................ 25
5. Additional Policy and Practical Considerations ........................................... 27
a. Cost and Time Considerations in Litigation ..................................... 27
b. Cost and Time Considerations in the
Administrative Process ..................................................................... 29
c. Limitation Periods ............................................................................ 30
d. Interventions by the Commissioner in Other
Regulatory Proceedings .................................................................... 30
B. SUBSTANTIVE LAW ............................................................................................ 31
1. Horizontal Agreements and Practices ........................................................... 31
a. Generally ........................................................................................... 31
b. Cartel Enforcement ........................................................................... 33
(1) Applicable Law ........................................................................ 33
(a) The Statutory Prohibition .................................................. 34
(b) The Agreement Element .................................................... 35
(c) The Intent Element ............................................................ 37
(d) Implementation of Foreign Agreements ............................ 37
(2) Agreements Covered ................................................................ 37
(a) Price Fixing ....................................................................... 38
(b) Market Allocation .............................................................. 40
(c) Customer Allocation .......................................................... 40
(d) Output Restrictions ............................................................ 41
(e) Group Boycotts .................................................................. 41
