Com. v. Thomas

Page 97

692 N.E.2d 97

44 Mass.App.Ct. 521

COMMONWEALTH v. Terry T. THOMAS.

No. 97-P-0349.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts Middlesex.

Argued Dec. 5, 1997.

Decided April 6, 1998.

Janine T. Bandino, Revere, for defendant.

Lincoln S. Jalelian, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.

Before BROWN, DREBEN and KASS, JJ.

KASS, Justice.

In making his closing argument, the assistant district attorney made one minor and one major misstatement of fact. On balance, and particularly in light of the strength of the government's case, we are not persuaded by the argument of the defendant that the missteps in the prosecutor's closing require reversal. Terry Thomas, the defendant, was found guilty by a jury of operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of intoxicating liquor. Two other counts in the complaint, operating a motor vehicle after his license had been suspended (G.L. c. 90, § 23) and possession of a Class D substance (G.L. c. 94C, § 34), were put to the District Court judge who presided at the trial, and he found the defendant guilty. On appeal, in addition to the claim of improper closing argument, the defendant urges that the judge improperly allowed the prosecutor to cross-examine the defendant about prior arrests for driving while under the influence of liquor and that the judge engaged in an inadequate colloquy with the defendant who, after the close of the evidence, chose to waive putting to the jury any count other than the one for operating while under the influence of liquor (OUI).

These are the facts the jury could have found, taking the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. Shortly before 2:00 A.M. on April 11, 1996, Stephen Altieri, a State trooper, stopped the defendant for speeding. The defendant had been doing seventy-nine miles per hour, significantly over the sixty-five mile per hour limit. Trooper Altieri smelled "a moderate odor of intoxicating beverage coming from the vehicle," in which the defendant was alone. Uncertain whether the odor was an emanation of the vehicle or an exhalation of the defendant, Trooper Altieri asked the defendant to recite the alphabet. The defendant managed that task but his speech was slurry and hard to understand; his eyes were bloodshot.

Now quite satisfied about the source of the smell of alcohol, Trooper Altieri ordered the defendant out of his car for field sobriety tests. The defendant fell back against his car when he stepped out. He had to push himself off the vehicle to regain his footing and then walked unsteadily. Trooper Altieri administered the one-legged stand test, in which the subject is asked to stand on one leg while the tester counts to thirty. The defendant did badly; he had to flap his arms for balance, put his leg down at the count of seven, eighteen, nineteen, and twenty-one, and gave up on the test altogether at the count of twenty-one. "I can't do it," the defendant said. Then came the nine-step heel-to-toe test. That test the defendant also failed dramatically.

Persuaded that the defendant was drunk, Trooper Altieri placed him under arrest. An inventory search of the car turned up a six-by-four-inch box containing marihuana. At the State police barracks, the defendant took a breathalyzer test on which he blew a blood alcohol level of .11, above the statutory presumption of impaired status that an .08 reading would produce. See G.L. c. 90, § 24(1)(e). The booking officer, Trooper Peter Kane, checked off the defendant's state of intoxication as obvious on a rating scale of extreme, obvious, slight, and none.

1. Claim of improper cross-examination. The defendant had been convicted thrice before of drunk driving, facts that his counsel moved in limine to exclude, should the defendant testify. That motion was allowed. During direct examination of the defendant, his counsel inquired whether he had been advised of his constitutional rights while being booked. In that connection, defense counsel asked: "Were you familiar with those rights?" The defendant answered, "Somewhat," "Yes," and volunteered, "I had been arrested for OUI once before." The prosecutor exploited the opening aggressively under cover of attacking the defendant's credibility:

Q. "Now you haven't told the truth here. Isn't that correct?"

A. "I know what you're getting to."

Q. "Just answer my question, sir. Did you tell the truth?"

A. "Yes, I always tell the truth."

Q. "Okay. You told us you were convicted once before--"

A. "I didn't say convicted. I said I had been arrested once before."

Q. "I apologize. Thank you. You told the jury you had been arrested once before for OUI."

A. "Right."

Q. "Okay."

A. "I should have just said before. I've been arrested more than once."

Q. "Well, sir, you recall now, don't you, that you've been arrested three times before for OUI. Isn't that correct?"

A. "That's correct."

Lest any juror miss the point, the prosecutor worked the same vein again through another sequence of questions, with the same damaging effect to the defendant.

According to the defendant, the flaw in the cross-examination was that it admitted evidence of prior bad acts and explored a subject, prior convictions, from which the prosecutor had been instructed by the judge to stay away. To be sure, evidence of prior bad acts may not be received to show the defendant's propensity to commit the crime charged, Commonwealth v. Trapp, 396 Mass. 202, 206, 485 N.E.2d 162 (1985); Commonwealth v. Chartier, 43 Mass.App.Ct. 758, 760, 686 N.E.2d 1055 (1997), and admission of evidence of an offense the same as that charged is disfavored, although not per se excludable. Commonwealth v. Chartier, supra at 762, 686 N.E.2d 1055. Here, the first mention of like prior misconduct was from the mouth of the defendant and was made in a form designed to minimize, i.e., it just happened once. The entire tenor of the defense had been to minimize and rationalize what the arresting State trooper had observed of the defendant's imprecision of speech and impaired physical coordination. It was pertinent to the defendant's credibility, therefore, to probe what "I was arrested once before" really meant.

Conscious of the judge's decision not to let the government get into prior convictions, the assistant district attorney asked permission of the judge to explore on cross-examination the opening the defendant's testimony had provided. The judge told the assistant district attorney that he was not to ask questions about prior OUI convictions but could, for impeachment purposes, inquire about prior OUI arrests. We think that the judge's resolution was within his discretion. See Commonwealth v. Chartier, 43 Mass.App.Ct. at 762, 686 N.E.2d 1055. Cf. Commonwealth v. Cadwell, 374 Mass. 308, 313-314, 372 N.E.2d 246 (1978). Compare Commonwealth v. Hogan, 12 Mass.App.Ct. 646, 649 n. 4, 428 N.E.2d 314 (1981).

But like the scorpion riding across the river on the back of a turtle, the assistant district attorney could not quite suppress what was in his nature. As the transcription of his cross-examination set out above shows, the prosecutor asked the defendant whether he had not been convicted of OUI once before. The defendant immediately corrected the prosecutor, making the distinction between arrest and conviction, and the prosecutor apologized for his mistake. Overall, the prosecutor's cross-examination was within bounds and the damage sustained by the defendant arose more out of what he had said about his own history than transgressions of the prosecutor.

2. Claim of improper closing argument. The first objection that the defense makes to the prosecutor's closing argument is his statement that "[w]e have agreed that the defendant blew a .11, .12 on the breathalyzer." That is a minor and insignificant variation from the actual state of the evidence, that the defendant blew .11. The following passage was more troubling:

"The testimony of the defense witnesses was wholly incredible. It was not believable. He lied to you. This defendant lied to you. He took the oath, then he lied to you. He told you he had been arrested once before for operating under the influence of liquor. That was a lie. He acknowledged that lie when I took out the three prior convictions, and I showed them to him. He acknowledged that lie. He was not credible to you."

The harping on the word "lie" as noun and verb was excessive, especially as the defendant's "I've been there before" answer was scarcely in the category of gross distortion, and as the defendant had been disarmingly candid when challenged on his reply. It is not impermissible, however, to argue that a witness has lied, and bad taste is not necessarily improper argument in the legal sense. See Commonwealth v. Murchison, 418 Mass. 58, 60, 634 N.E.2d 561 (1994). We extend to the jury credit for some sophistication in filtering hyperbole. Commonwealth v. Kozec, 399 Mass. 514, 517, 505 N.E.2d 519 (1987). Commonwealth v. Benson, 419 Mass. 114, 120, 642 N.E.2d 1035 (1994). Commonwealth v. Deveau, 34 Mass.App.Ct. 9, 14, 606 N.E.2d 921 [44 Mass.App.Ct. 526] 1993). The jurors, after all, had seen and heard the defendant testify, and they would have been able to distinguish between a stretcher and a whopper.

More serious was the prosecutor's reference to three convictions exhibited to the defendant. The prosecutor had expressly been told not to challenge the defendant with documentary evidence of conviction and had avoided doing so during the presentation of evidence. Whether deliberate or inadvertent, this further reference by the prosecutor to convictions was a blow below the belt. Commonwealth v. McColl, 375 Mass. 316, 324-325, 376 N.E.2d 562 (1978). Commonwealth v. Dias, 14 Mass.App.Ct. 560, 564-565, 441 N.E.2d 266 (1982). Nonetheless, we do not think it the stuff of reversible error. The jury by this time well understood that the defendant had previously been involved with OUI episodes. The evidence of intoxication--scientific and...