Commonwealth v. Marte

84 Mass.App.Ct. 136

993 N.E.2d 1201

COMMONWEALTH

v.Adolfo MARTE.

No. 09–P–776.

Appeals Court of Massachusetts, Bristol.

Argued Jan. 6, 2011.

Decided Aug. 15, 2013.

William J. Keefe for the defendant.

Natalie S. Monroe, Assistant Attorney General (Dean A. Mazzone, Assistant Attorney General, with her) for the Commonwealth.

Present: BERRY, WOLOHOJIAN, & HANLON, JJ.

BERRY, J.

This case involves a series of four controlled cocaine “buys” by a State trooper, acting undercover, from a man known as “Carlos”—but later identified as the defendant, Adolfo Marte. Based on these controlled buys, a jury convicted the defendant of four counts of trafficking in cocaine in excess of twenty-eight grams. The defendant was also convicted of a single count of trafficking in cocaine in excess of 200 grams based on seizures pursuant to a search warrant executed at the defendant's apartment. See G.L. c. 94C, § 32E( b )(4). The search warrant was obtained on the same day as the defendant's arrest, following the fourth controlled buy of cocaine.

At trial, over the defendant's objection, the Commonwealth introduced certificates of drug analysis, without trial testimony from the chemical analyst, to support each of the five trafficking charges. This was constitutional error violating confrontation rights. See Melendez–Diaz v. Massachusetts, 557 U.S. 305, 310–311, 129 S.Ct. 2527, 174 L.Ed.2d 314 (2009). The principal issue in this appeal ¹ is whether the Commonwealth's evidence—including field testing of the cocaine bought in the controlled buys and lack of field testing of the cocaine seized in the apartment—rendered the error in the admission of the drug certificates harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See generally Commonwealth v. Vasquez, 456 Mass. 350, 352, 360–362, 923 N.E.2d 524 (2010).²

For the reasons that follow, we affirm the four convictions based on the controlled buys. However, the conviction based on the seizure from the defendant's apartment cannot stand.

1. Background. The following is a brief summary of the trial evidence. The circumstances underlying each of the controlled buys were, reduced to essential acts, nearly identical. Prior to each controlled buy, Trooper Daniel Tucker would contact the defendant (who used the name “Carlos”) requesting to purchase two ounces of cocaine. The defendant set a price of $2,200 for each two-ounce sale. The defendant would instruct Trooper Tucker to proceed to the parking lot of a nearby Friendly's restaurant. During the first and second controlled buys, an associate of the defendant known as “Nieves” arrived by car at the Friendly's parking lot and delivered to Trooper Tucker a plastic bag containing approximately two ounces of a white powdery substance. After the second buy, the defendant, in a telephone conversation, inquired whether the trooper was satisfied with the quality of the substance delivered and boasted, “You never have to worry about my packages, I've been around a long time.” The defendant himself made the third delivery. After the trooper's call to the defendant, another man known as “Andino” made the fourth delivery at the Friendly's, but shortly thereafter was joined by the defendant.

After each controlled buy, Trooper Tucker immediately performed a field test on the purchased substance. Each of the four field tests indicated the presumptive presence of cocaine. As previously noted, the defendant was arrested after Trooper Tucker made the fourth and final controlled buy. That same day, police executed a search warrant at the defendant's apartment and seized a large quantity of a white powdery substance from a secret compartment, what the police expert characterized as a drug “hide,” under the kitchen sink.³ Also seized were two scales and two boxes of plastic sandwich bags from the kitchen area of the apartment. Field tests were not performed on the substances found at the defendant's apartment.

2. Standard of review. “The ‘essential question’ in analyzing harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt is ‘whether the error had, or might have had, an effect on the [fact finder] and whether the error contributed to or might have contributed to the [findings of guilty].’ ” Vasquez, 456 Mass. at 360, 923 N.E.2d 524, quoting from Commonwealth v. Perrot, 407 Mass. 539, 549, 554 N.E.2d 1205 (1990). “[I]t is not enough for the Commonwealth to demonstrate that its other, properly admitted evidence was ‘sufficient’ to convict the defendant or that the inadmissible evidence was ‘consistent’ with the admissible evidence.” Commonwealth v. Tyree, 455 Mass. 676, 701, 919 N.E.2d 660 (2010), quoting from Commonwealth v. Dagraca, 447 Mass. 546, 554–555, 854 N.E.2d 1249 (2006). “Rather, to establish harmlessness beyond a reasonable doubt, the Commonwealth must show that other properly admitted evidence of guilt is ‘overwhelming,’ in the sense that it is ‘so powerful as to nullify any effect’ that the improperly admitted evidence ‘might have had’ on the fact finder or the findings.” Vasquez, supra at 362, 923 N.E.2d 524, quoting from Tyree, supra at 704 n. 44, 919 N.E.2d 660.

Against this backdrop, we conclude that the totality of the Commonwealth's evidence, including but not limited to the positive field test for cocaine, was sufficient to render the admission of the drug certificates harmless error with respect to the four controlled buys of cocaine delivered to Trooper Tucker which were the predicates for the four convictions for trafficking in cocaine in excess of twenty-eight grams. However, our review of the trial record, as described in part 4, infra, reflects little evidence which would have established that the composition of the substance seized from the apartment was cocaine, except for the erroneously admitted certificate of analysis. Hence, we conclude the Commonwealth's evidence did not overcome the Melendez–Diaz error with respect to the cocaine seized in the apartment—which was the predicate for the conviction for trafficking in excess of 200 grams.

3. The controlled buys and the four trafficking convictions therefor. With respect to the controlled buys, our analysis begins with whether the error arising out of the admission of the drug certificates was harmless by considering the significance of the fact that immediately following each buy, Trooper Tucker conducted an on-site field test. The trooper's testimony was clear and direct that he personally conducted each field test and that each of the white substances purchased in the controlled buys tested positive for the presumptive presence of cocaine. At trial, the trooper described in simple terms how he performed the field test. He also described what the result looked like after a series of vials were broken open and applied to the seized substance, yielding colors which changed to reflect the presence of cocaine—a testing procedure, as described in the direct examination, which could have been, of course, further probed in cross-examination. Trooper Tucker had past experience in conducting such field tests and had participated in approximately one hundred cocaine seizures during his eight years on the State police force, including the Cape Cod Drug Task Force, where he was working at the time of the events in this case and conducted the field tests at issue. As noted, his testimony concerning the field tests was open to cross-examination confrontation by the defendant. Accord Commonwealth v. Connolly, 454 Mass. 808, 831–832, 913 N.E.2d 356 (2009) (field-testing officers had many years of experience in narcotics investigation and were available for cross-examination at trial; error harmless). Cf. Commonwealth v. Rodriguez, 75 Mass.App.Ct. 235, 243, 913 N.E.2d 880 (2009) (“[S]ome of the substances were field tested and found to be cocaine. [The detective] so testified on cross-examination without objection”).

Since 2009, when the Connolly case was decided, there have been significant case developments involving field testing that further calibrate and refine the weight to be given field testing in reviewing whether the constitutionally erroneous admission of drug certificates of analysis is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Among the leading post-Connolly cases are Commonwealth v. Fernandez, 458 Mass. 137, 151–153, 934 N.E.2d 810 (2010); Commonwealth v. King, 461 Mass. 354, 357–361, 960 N.E.2d 894 (2012); and Commonwealth v. Billings, 461 Mass. 362, 364–365, 960 N.E.2d 900 (2012). The framework of these cases, decided in the wake of Connolly, is double edged, imposing more exacting scrutiny of the foundationalevidence required concerning field testing, but endorsing, as did the Connolly case, the inclusion of a positive field test in the harmless error equation—so long as such field tests are properly conducted, and so long as the testing is supported by background foundational evidence.

The post-Connolly field test framework may be further detailed as follows. On one side, the evidentiary standards for properly admitted field tests are heightened. In this respect, the post-Connolly cases make clear that, where the trial evidence concerning a field test is not demonstrated to have the requisite foundation—which includes the experience of the officer(s) conducting the test, the methodology of the testing, and definitive identification of the substance, i.e., as cocaine, heroin, or another controlled substance—the field test yields no real offset to the constitutional error in the admission of the drug certificate of analysis. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Nelson, 460 Mass. 564, 577, 953 N.E.2d 164 (2011) (admission of certificate of drug analysis identifying marijuana not harmless beyond reasonable doubt where neither investigating officer nor drug distribution expert identified substance based on training and experience); Billings, supra (error in drug certificate admission not harmless where officer conducting field test did not have requisite experience, and where result of field test regarding...