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10-1
CRIMES
CHAPTER 10
CRIMES
10.1 CRIMES: ASSAULT
10.2 CRIMES: ATTEMPTS
10.3 CRIMES: BATTERY
10.4 CRIMES: BURGLARY
10.5 CRIMES: CHILD ABUSE
10.6 CRIMES: CONSPIRACY
10.7 CRIMES: CONTEMPT
10.8 CRIMES: CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
10.9 CRIMES: DEALING IN STOLEN PROPERTY
10.10 CRIMES: DUI: BLOOD ALCOHOL LEVEL
10.11 CRIMES: DUI
10.12 CRIMES: ESCAPE
10.13 CRIMES: FIREARMS AND WEAPONS OFFENSES
10.14 CRIMES: HOMICIDE: FIRST๎€ŸDEGREE MURDER
10.15 CRIMES: HOMICIDE: SECOND๎€ŸDEGREE MURDER
10.16 CRIMES: HOMICIDE: THIRD๎€ŸDEGREE MURDER
10.17 CRIMES: HOMICIDE: DUI / BUI MANSLAUGHTER
10.18 CRIMES: HOMICIDE: GENERALLY
10.19 CRIMES: HOMICIDE: MANSLAUGHTER
The Florida Criminal Cases Notebook 10-2
CRIMES
10.20 CRIMES: HOMICIDE: VEHICULAR / VESSEL HOMICIDE
10.21 CRIMES: KIDNAPPING AND FALSE IMPRISONMENT
10.22 CRIMES: LOITERING OR PROWLING
10.23 CRIMES: POSSESSION GENERALLY
10.24 CRIMES: RESISTING OFFICER
10.25 CRIMES: RICO
10.26 CRIMES: ROBBERY
10.27 CRIMES: SEX CRIMES: GENERALLY
10.28 CRIMES: SEX CRIMES: LEWD BATTERY, ETC. ON A CHILD
10.29 CRIMES: SEX CRIMES: REGISTRATION OFFENSES
10.30 CRIMES: SEX CRIMES: SEXUAL BATTERY ON A CHILD UNDER 12
10.31 CRIMES: THEFT
10.32 CRIMES: TRAFFIC OFFENSES
10.33 CRIMES: TRAFFICKING IN CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
10.34 CRIMES: MISCELLANEOUS SUBSTANTIVE CRIMES
10-3 Crimes: Assault 10 .1
CRIMES
10.1 CRIMES: ASSAULT
Topics covered: The elements of simple assault and aggravated assault; lesser offenses of aggravated assault; sen-
tencing matters pertaining to simple and aggravated assault.
Florida Supreme Court
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎๎“๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎€ฏ๎€จ๎€ฒ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎๎“๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎€จ๎€ฒ๎€‘
๎‚†๎€š๎€›๎€—๎€‘๎€“๎€š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎‹๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎„๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—โˆ’
๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€š๎€›๎€—๎€‘๎€“๎€š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎‹๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎‘๎„๎๎—๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎•๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎•๎œ๎€๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎€จ๎€ฒ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘โˆ’
๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎‹๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎๎“๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎–๎€‘
ฮœฮตฯฯฮนฯ„ฯ„ ฯ–. ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต, 712 ฮฃฮฟ. 2ฮด 384 (ฮฆฮปฮฑ. 1998)
First District Court of Appeal
๎€ธ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€œ๎€•๎€—๎€‘๎€–๎€—๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎ˆ๎๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎…๎๎Œ๎–๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎†๎˜๎๎“๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎๎Œ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ
๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€Œ๎€‘
ฮงฮฑฯฯฮนฮฝ ฯ–. ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต, 875 ฮฃฮฟ. 2ฮด 719 (ฮฆฮปฮฑ. 1ฯƒฯ„ โˆ†ฮงฮ‘ 2004)
๎€บ๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎™๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎†๎Ž๎ˆ๎—๎Ž๎‘๎Œ๎‰๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎“๎’๎Ž๎ˆ๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎„๎“๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎„๎“๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎•๎“๎’๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€‘
ฯ‘.ฮœ. ฯ–. ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต, 872 ฮฃฮฟ. 2ฮด 985 (ฮฆฮปฮฑ. 1ฯƒฯ„ โˆ†ฮงฮ‘ 2004)
๎€ท๎•๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎•๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Š๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎๎’๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‡๎Šโˆ’
๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎˜๎†๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎–๎‡๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎—๎˜๎•๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎Š๎˜๎Œ๎๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎†๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎˜๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎“๎’๎–๎–๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎•๎๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎€‹๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ
๎†๎•๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎“๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎ˆโˆ’
๎„๎•๎๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎„๎“๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎๎’๎’๎Ž๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎–๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎Š๎˜๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎•๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎–๎’๎€๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎•๎˜๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ
๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎–๎Œ๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎’๎’๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€‘
ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต ฯ–. ฮœฯ‡ฮ“ฮทฮตฮต, 174 ฮฃฮฟ. 3ฮด 470 (ฮฆฮปฮฑ. 1ฯƒฯ„ โˆ†ฮงฮ‘ 2015)
๎€ถ๎’๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎ˆ๎Š๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎†๎•๎Œ๎…๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎โˆ’
๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€‹๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎Š๎˜๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎•๎“๎๎˜๎–๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎‹๎˜๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎Š๎˜๎Œ๎๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎”๎˜๎Œ๎—๎–๎€ƒ
๎‹๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎˜๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎˜๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎“๎ˆ๎•๎€‘
ฮœฮนฯ„ฯ‡ฮทฮตฮปฮป ฯ–. ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต, 888 ฮฃฮฟ. 2ฮด 665 (ฮฆฮปฮฑ. 1ฯƒฯ„ โˆ†ฮงฮ‘ 2004)
Second District Court of Appeal
๎€ง๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎๎“๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎๎˜๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎€ฏ๎€จ๎€ฒ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎•๎˜๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎€จ๎€ฒ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎“๎๎„๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎“๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘โˆ’
๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘
๎€ง๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€น๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ
๎‡๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‰๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎Œ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ
๎–๎˜๎ตถ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎•๎๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎‡๎Œโˆ’
๎‘๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€บ๎Œ๎—๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎‹๎’๎’๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎Š๎•๎’๎˜๎“๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ
๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‡๎˜๎†๎Ž๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎š๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎Š๎•๎’๎˜๎“๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎•๎’๎˜๎“๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎‹๎’๎†๎Ž๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎†๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘
ฮ’ฯฯˆฮฑฮฝฯ„ ฯ–. ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต, 154 ฮฃฮฟ.3ฮด 1164 (ฮฆฮปฮฑ. 2ฮด โˆ†ฮงฮ‘ 2015)
๎‚†๎€š๎€›๎€—๎€‘๎€“๎€”๎€”๎€‹๎€”๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ
๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎—๎Œ๎–๎‰๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ
๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ง๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎’๎“๎“๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€‘
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎ตถ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎–๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎Š๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎‡๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎ตถโˆ’
๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎๎“๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ
๎„๎Š๎Š๎•๎„๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎Š๎˜๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ
๎–๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎ตถ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ
๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎š๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ
๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎’๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎€ƒ
๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎—๎Œ๎–๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€‹๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€Œ๎€‘
ฮ ฮนฮฝฮบฮฝฮตฯˆ ฯ–. ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต, 74 ฮฃฮฟ. 3ฮด 572 (ฮฆฮปฮฑ. 2ฮด โˆ†ฮงฮ‘ 2011)
๎€‹๎€ถ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒฮฃ.ฮ .ฮœ. ฯ–. ฮฃฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮต๎€๎€ƒ๎€™๎€™๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎’๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€–๎€”๎€š๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฉ๎๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ง๎€ฆ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€”๎€Œ๎€Œ๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎€ฆ๎„๎–๎„๎‘๎˜๎ˆ๎™๎„๎€๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎€๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎˜๎•๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎˜๎๎—๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎Š๎˜๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€š๎€›๎€—๎€‘๎€“๎€”๎€”๎€‹๎€”๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎‘โˆ’
๎‡๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎•๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
๎’๎†๎†๎˜๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎’๎š๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎‡๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€‹๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎๎„๎†๎ˆ๎€Œ๎€ƒ ๎š๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎๎—๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
๎˜๎‘๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‘๎Š๎˜๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎†๎˜๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎•๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ
๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎„๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎„๎•๎€๎€ƒ
๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎’๎š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‰๎•๎„๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€Œ

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