Eliahu v. Jewish Agency for Isr.

919 F.3d 709

Eitan ELIAHU, Dotan Newman, R. David Weisskopf, Eldad Gidon, Plaintiffs-Appellants,

Michael Zamansky, Yakov Bossira, Dan Silberman, Plaintiffs,

v.JEWISH AGENCY FOR ISRAEL, New Israel Fund, Jewish Federations of North America, Na’amat, Women’s International Zionist Organization, P.E.F. Israel Endowment Funds, Inc., Tzipi Livni, Shmuel Chamdani, Na’ama Boltin, Miriam Darmony, Einat Gilead-Meshulam, Tomer Moskowitz, Clanit Bergman, John Hagee, International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, Jerusalem Institute of Justice, Cary Summers, American Friends of Bar-Ilan University, Jeffrey Royer, Noa Regev, Alon Saleh, Zev Gabai, Ariel Lagana, Orit Avigail Yahalomi, Michael Duwani, Defendants-Appellees.

Docket No. 18-244-cv (L)

18-246-cv (Con)

August Term 2018

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued: February 13, 2019

Decided: March 27, 2019

Saul Roffe, Law Offices of Saul Roffe, Esq., Marlboro, New Jersey, for Plaintiffs-Appellants Dotan Newman, R. David Weisskopf, and Eldad Gidon.

Eitan Eliahu, pro se, San Jose, California, for Plaintiff-Appellant Eitan Eliahu.

Robert Reeves Anderson (John B. Bellinger, III, Stephen K. Wirth, on the brief ), Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, Denver, Colorado, and Washington, DC, for Defendants-Appellees Tzipi Livni, Shmuel Chamdani, Na’ama Boltin, Miriam Darmony, Einat Gilead-Meshulam, Tomer Moskowitz, Clanit Bergman, Orit Avigail Yahalomi, Zev Gabai, Ariel Lagana, Michael Duwani, Alona Sadeh, and Noa Regev.

Kenneth B. Danielson, Kaufman, Dolowich & Voluck LLP, Hackensack, New Jersey, for Defendants-Appellees New Israel Fund, Jewish Federations of North America, Na’amat, American Friends of Bar-Ilan University, International Fellowship of Christians and Jews, and Jeffrey Royer.

Gerald D. Silver, Sullivan & Worcester LLP, New York, New York, for Defendants-Appellees Jewish Agency for Israel, Women’s International Zionist Organization, Jerusalem Institute of Justice, and John Hagee.

Robert E. Crotty, Kelley Drye & Warren LLP, New York, New York, for Defendant-Appellee P.E.F. Israel Endowment Funds, Inc.

Before Parker, Chin, and Sullivan, Circuit Judges.

Per Curiam:

Plaintiffs-appellants Eitan Eliahu, Dotan Newman, R. David Weisskopf, and Eldad Gidon ("Plaintiffs") appeal from a December 28, 2017 order of the district court dismissing their action against defendants-appellees, current and former officials of the Government of Israel (the "Israeli Officials") and nine charitable organizations and three affiliated individuals. Plaintiffs’ claims arise from their dissatisfaction with the outcome of divorce proceedings in Israel and subsequent efforts by their ex-wives, with the assistance of the charitable organizations, to collect child support from them. Weisskopf and Eliahu also appeal the district court’s order permanently enjoining them from filing any future action in federal court related to the allegations asserted in this lawsuit without the district court’s preauthorization. We affirm the district court’s order of dismissal as well as its anti-filing injunction.

I. Order of Dismissal

"A case is properly dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) when the district court lacks the statutory or constitutional power to adjudicate it." Makarova v. United States , 201 F.3d 110, 113 (2d Cir. 2000). On appeal from a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, factual findings are reviewed for clear error and legal conclusions are reviewed de novo . Id. For a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), this Court reviews the district court’s ruling de novo , "accepting as true all factual claims in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor." Fink v. Time Warner Cable , 714 F.3d 739, 740-41 (2d Cir. 2013) (per curiam). To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the complaint must plead "enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face." Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly , 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) ; see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009).

The district court properly dismissed all claims against the Israeli Officials for lack of subject matter jurisdiction because, as foreign government officials acting their official capacity, they are entitled to immunity. See Underhill v. Hernandez , 168 U.S. 250, 252, 18 S.Ct. 83, 42 L.Ed. 456 (1897) (recognizing "[t]he immunity of individuals from suits brought in foreign tribunals for acts done within their own states, in the exercise of governmental authority ... as civil officers"); Matar v. Dichter , 563 F.3d 9, 14 (2d Cir. 2009) (recognizing that foreign officials are entitled to immunity for acts performed in their official capacity).

Specifically, the Israeli Officials are eleven registrars or directors of Israel’s Enforcement and Collection Authority, a retired Israeli judge, and Israel’s former Minister of Justice and Foreign Affairs. Plaintiffs allege that these officials created fictious debts, impeded the payment of debts, and engaged in other similar misconduct while operating under color of Israeli law. Even assuming the officials’ challenged conduct was improper under Israeli law, there is no doubt that the conduct was official in nature. See Larson v. Domestic & Foreign Commerce Corp ., 337 U.S. 682, 689-90, 69 S.Ct. 1457, 93 L.Ed. 1628 (1949) (distinguishing between an official’s erroneous exercise of power, which is protected by sovereign immunity, and an official’s acts taken in the absence of any delegated power, which are not so protected); Velasco v. Gov’t Of Indonesia , 370 F.3d 392, 399 (4th Cir. 2004) (recognizing that foreign sovereign immunity, including foreign official immunity, "models federal common law relating to derivative U.S. sovereign immunity"). Accordingly, the Israeli Officials are entitled to foreign official immunity.

With respect to the remaining defendants, the district court held that Plaintiffs failed to satisfy the domestic injury requirement of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c), or identify any requisite predicate acts of racketeering activity, id. § 1962(b)-(c). See Appellants’ App’x. at 211-14. In addition, the district court held there is no private right of action that allows for Plaintiffs’ claims of aiding and abetting a RICO violation, extortion, and mail fraud against defendants in the circumstances here. Id. at 11-12. For substantially the reasons set forth by the district court in its December 28, 2017 order, we conclude that Plaintiffs failed to state a plausible claim for relief as to these defendants as well.

As Judge Pauley correctly concluded, Plaintiffs’ allegations that they suffered personal injuries, rather than "injur[ies] to business or property," do not state a cognizable civil RICO claim, Bascunan v. Elsaca , 874 F.3d 806, 817 (2d Cir. 2017), and Plaintiffs’ allegations that they suffered business-related injuries fall short because the alleged injuries lack the requisite connection to Plaintiffs’ domestic property or financial interests, see id. at 819. Plaintiffs’ claims of extortion, mail fraud, and aiding and abetting a RICO violation fail as well. With respect to the extortion claim, Plaintiffs have not identified a private cause of action under either federal or state law, and the Court is not aware of one. See Wisdom v. First Midwest Bank, of Poplar Bluff , 167 F.3d 402, 408-09 (8th Cir. 1999) (holding that there is no private cause of action under the federal extortion statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1951 ); Minnelli v. Soumayah , 41 A.D.3d 388, 839 N.Y.S.2d 727, 728 (2007) ("[E]xtortion and attempted extortion are criminal offenses [under New York law] that do not imply a private cause of action." (citations omitted)). Similarly, there is no private cause of action under the federal mail fraud statutes cited in the amended complaint, Official Publ’ns, Inc. v. Kable News Co. , 884 F.2d 664, 667 (2d Cir. 1989), or for aiding and abetting a civil RICO violation, see Penn. Ass’n of Edwards Heirs v. Rightenour , 235 F.3d 839, 843-44 (3d Cir. 2000). Thus, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims under Rule 12(b)(6).

II. Anti-Filing Injunction

We also hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in barring Weisskopf and Eliahu from filing future related actions against defendants without its permission. See Gollomp v. Spitzer , 568 F.3d 355, 368 (2d Cir. 2009) ("We review all aspects of a district court’s decision to impose sanctions ... for abuse of discretion." (citation omitted)). In determining whether to restrict a litigant’s future ability to sue, a court must consider "whether a litigant who has a history of vexatious litigation is likely to continue to abuse the judicial process and harass other parties." Safir v. U.S. Lines, Inc ., 792 F.2d 19, 24 (2d Cir. 1986) ; see also Richardson Greenshields Sec., Inc. v. Mui-Hin Lau , 825 F.2d 647, 652 (2d Cir. 1987) (explaining that "[a]bsent extraordinary circumstances, such as a demonstrated history of frivolous and vexatious litigation," a court has no power to prevent parties from filing legal documents authorized by the federal rules). We have identified the following factors to be considered in deciding whether to impose an anti-filing injunction:

(1) the litigant’s history of litigation and in particular whether it entailed vexatious, harassing or duplicative lawsuits; (2) the litigant’s motive in pursuing the litigation, e.g., does the litigant have an objective good faith expectation of prevailing?; (3) whether the litigant is represented by counsel; (4) whether the litigant has caused needless expense to other parties or has posed an unnecessary burden on the courts and their personnel; and (5) whether other sanctions would be adequate to protect the courts and other parties.

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