Etienne v. Edmark

2020 DNH 008

Dickens Etienne, Petitioner v. Michelle Edmark, Warden, New Hampshire State Prison, Respondent

Case No. 18-cv-1156-SM

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE

January 14, 2020

ORDER

Dickens Etienne brings this petition seeking habeas corpus relief from his 2004 state court conviction for first degree murder. See 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Respondent moves to dismiss the petition, asserting that it is untimely because it was filed more than one year after the date on which Etienne's conviction became final. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). Etienne objects, asserting that his petition is, in fact, timely. Alternatively, he says he is entitled to the benefit of equitable tolling of the relevant limitations period. Failing that, Etienne claims that because he advances a viable claim of actual innocence, he should be permitted to pursue his otherwise time-barred petition.

For the reasons discussed, the respondent's motion to dismiss is denied, albeit without prejudice to refiling later if circumstances warrant.

Governing Law

The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 ("AEDPA") and its amendments to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 establish a one-year limitations period for state prisoners to file a federal petition for habeas corpus relief. Typically, that period expires one year from the date on which the state court judgment becomes final "by the conclusion of direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A). The running of that limitations period is, however, subject to statutory tolling. So, for example, the one-year filing limitation does not begin to run until the "date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence." 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). Similarly, the limitations period is tolled while "a properly filed application for State post-conviction or other collateral review" is pending. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Finally, there are limited circumstances under which the running of the limitations period may be equitably tolled. See Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 645 (2010); Riva v. Ficco, 615 F.3d 35, 39 (1st Cir. 2010).

Etienne invokes several of those tolling provisions in support of his assertion that his habeas petition is timely filed.

Background

On January 28, 2004, Etienne fatally shot Larry Lemieux in the head. In November of that year, Etienne was convicted of first degree murder and is currently serving a sentence of life in prison, without the possibility of parole. Seven years after his trial, on December 21, 2011, the New Hampshire Supreme Court resolved Etienne's direct appeal and affirmed his conviction. Etienne then had 90 days within which to file a petition for certiorari to the United States Supreme Court. He elected not to do so. Consequently, at the expiration of those 90 days, his conviction became "final" and the one year limitations period set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) began to run.¹

The dates and events most relevant to Etienne's federal habeas petition are as follows:

November 23, 2004 Convicted of First Degree Murder in Hillsborough County Superior Court, Manchester, New Hampshire.

December 21, 2011 New Hampshire Supreme Court affirms Etienne's conviction. The limitations period in 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1) begins to run and Etienne has 455 days to file a federal habeas corpus petition.

December 20, 2012 Etienne files a motion for new trial (construed as motion for habeas corpus). Limitations period is tolled. 364 days elapsed. 91 days remain.

August of 2015 A staff psychiatrist at New Hampshire State Prison diagnoses Etienne with schizophrenia, paranoid type.

Etienne claims this is when he "discovered" the factual basis for his habeas claims (i.e., ineffective assistance of trial counsel for having failed to investigate his mental status and the possibility of diminished capacity defenses).

January 23, 2017 Etienne amends his still pending state habeas petition to advance claims related to his mental health.

June/July 2017 State habeas court conducts a three-day evidentiary hearing on Etienne's state habeas petition.

January 23, 2018 State habeas court denies Etienne's petition. Limitations period begins running again. 91 days remain.

February 22, 2018 Etienne files a Notice of Discretionary Appeal with New Hampshire Supreme Court. Limitations period is again tolled. 30 days elapsed. 61 days remain.

March 29, 2018 New Hampshire Supreme Court denies Etienne's appeal. Limitations period begins running again. 61 days remain.

May 29, 2018 Limitations period expires.

December 13, 2018 Etienne files his federal petition for habeas corpus relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

Discussion

By those calculations, Etienne's habeas petition was filed 198 days after the limitations period expired and is plainly untimely.

But, says Etienne, he did not discover (and could not, through the exercise of due diligence, have discovered) the factual predicate for his claims - that is, the fact that he suffers from a mental impairment - until August of 2015, when he was first formally diagnosed with schizophrenia. So, he argues, the one-year limitations period did not begin to run until that date. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(D). Moreover, because his state petition for habeas corpus was pending at that time, the limitations period was immediately tolled. See 28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(2). Only upon the state court's denial of his habeas petition (January 23, 2018) did the one-year federal limitations period begin to run. And, that period was tolled again when, onFebruary 22, 2018, he filed his notice of appeal with the New Hampshire Supreme Court. Finally, says Etienne, the limitations period began to run again when his appeal was denied, on March 29, 2018. Consequently, Etienne claims that when he filed his pending petition for federal habeas relief on December 13, 2018, it was within the applicable one-year limitations period as he calculates it.

Alternatively, Etienne says he is entitled to the benefit of equitable tolling of the limitations period, due to extraordinary circumstances that "stood in his way and prevented him from filing his petition in a timely fashion including his lack of access to the discovery in this case and his mental health issues during the period of time when the post-conviction motion was due to be filed." Petitioner's Memorandum (document no. 5) at 1.²

Finally, Etienne claims that newly discovered evidence (in the form of his 2015 schizophrenia diagnosis) establishes that he is actually innocent of the crime of conviction - that is,his mental disorder rendered him incapable of forming the requisite mens rea to be guilty of first degree murder. Thus, says Etienne, he must be allowed to pursue his otherwise time-barred claims. See McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 386 (2013) ("We hold that actual innocence, if proved, serves as a gateway through which a petitioner may pass whether the impediment is a procedural bar . . . or, as in this case, expiration of the statute of limitations.").

Etienne's claimed entitlement to statutory tolling and/or equitable tolling appears, at least on this record, to be non-frivolous.³ And, the parties dispute whether he should have (or could have) discovered the factual predicates to his claims in a more timely manner. They also disagree as to whether his mental illness was so acute that it severely impaired his ability to timely pursue legal relief on his own behalf or through counsel. So, as was the case in Hart v. Warden, No. 18-cv-424-SM, 2019 DNH 205 (D.N.H. Dec. 6, 2019), it is unlikely that the court canresolve the respondent's motion to dismiss solely on the record presently before the court. Rather, an evidentiary hearing would probably be required, as would the testimony of psychiatric experts (who would, of course, first have to examine Etienne and review more than twenty years of his medical records). See generally Riva v. Ficco, 615 F.3d 35, 39 (1st Cir. 2010).⁴

Given that, a more efficient approach to resolving Etienne's claims would be to bypass the timeliness issue for now in favor of exploring the merits of his claims, returning to the timeliness issue if there appears to be any substantive merit to his petition. See, e.g., Trussell v. Bowersox, 447 F.3d 588, 591 (8th Cir. 2006) ("[B]ecause neither the statute of limitations nor procedural default constitutes a jurisdictional bar to our review, we shall, in the interest of judicial economy, proceed to the merits of Trussell's petition.") (citations omitted); See also Cooper v. Calderon, 274 F.3d1270, 1275 n.3 (9th Cir. 2001) (bypassing equitable tolling argument and resolving petition on the merits); Schaff v. Montana, 2017 WL 6816075, at *1 (D. Mont. Dec. 18, 2017) ("Although Schaff's petition is still likely time-barred and...