Francis v. Perez

256 F.Supp.3d 1

Jean D. FRANCIS, Plaintiff,

v.Thomas E. PEREZ, Defendant.

Civil Action No. 16-763 (RMC).

United States District Court, District of Columbia.

Signed June 14, 2017

Jean D. Francis, Clinton, MD, pro se.

David A. Branch, Law Offices Of David A. Branch & Associates, PLLC, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff.

Alexander Kenneth Haas, U.S. Department of Justice U.S. Attorney's Office, Jason Todd Cohen, U.S. Attorney's Office, Washington, DC, for Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

ROSEMARY M. COLLYER, United States District Judge

This lawsuit was filed on April 25, 2016, and alleges that the Department of Labor (DOL) discriminated and retaliated against Plaintiff Jean D. Francis, its former employee, on the basis of her national origin, sex, and race in violation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII), 42 U.S.C. §§ 2000e et seq. , and on the basis of her age, in violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 621 et seq. Service was effected on July 5, 2016 and Ms. Francis moved to remove her counsel on September 6, 2016. See Mot. to Remove Counsel [Dkt. 6]. As a result, the Court stayed the case for 60 days to allow Ms. Francis to retain new counsel. See Minute Order dated 9/7/2016. Ms. Francis initially elected to proceed pro se but on May 25, 2017 notified the Court that she had retained counsel. See Plaintiff's Mot. to Reschedule Status Conference [Dkt. 22] at 1. On December 23, 2016, before retaining new counsel, Ms. Francis moved to amend her Complaint. See Mot. to Amend [Dkt. 14]. The Secretary of Labor, Thomas Perez, sued in his official capacity, opposes her motion. See Opp'n to Mot. to Amend [Dkt. 15].

I. BACKGROUND

Ms. Francis worked for DOL from June 10, 2007 until she was terminated on May 9, 2014. The instant matter is Ms. Francis' second court suit alleging violations of her rights to equal employment opportunity (EEO) at DOL. In the first, Francis v. Perez , No. 12–964, 2012 WL 4930232 (D.D.C. filed Jun. 13, 2012), Ms. Francis, who was then represented by counsel, alleged "she was discriminated against by her supervisors on the basis of religion [Seventh Day Adventist], refused a reasonable accommodation for her religious practices, and retaliated against for complaining about her supervisors' alleged discrimination." Francis v. Perez , 970 F.Supp.2d 48, 48 (D.D.C. 2013). Summary judgment was granted to the Secretary and all of Ms. Francis' claims in that case were dismissed. See id. at 69. The district court judgment was sustained on appeal. See Francis v. Perez , No. 13-5333, 2014 WL 3013727 (D.C. Cir. May 16, 2014).

In the present suit, Ms. Francis complains of discrimination and retaliation based on her sex (female), national origin (West Indies), race (African American), age (over 50), and protected EEO activities. See Compl. [Dkt. 1]. Ms. Francis' First Amended Complaint (Proposed Complaint) before this Court would add approximately 20 pages, nearly 100 paragraphs, and several new counts and claims to the instant litigation. See [Proposed] First Amended Complaint for Wrongful Discharge, Defamation, Violation of Federal Retirement Law, Civil Conspiracy, and Discrimi[n]ation in Violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (Proposed Compl.) [Dkt. 14]. The Proposed Complaint is prolix, adding legal claims and adding extensive details that are sometimes inconsistent with allegations in her original Complaint. E.g., compare Compl. ¶ 37 (stating that she informally complained to EEO office of discrimination and retaliation "based on her sex, age, and prior EEO activities"), with Proposed Compl. ¶ 46 (stating that she informally complained to EEO office of discrimination "on the basis of race, sex, religion, national origin, and reprisal").

The Proposed Complaint adds claims of religious discrimination (Count IV), wrongful discharge (Count V), "defamation and business defamation" (Count VI), civil conspiracy (Count VII), and a "violation of Federal Retirement Law (ERISA)"¹ (Count VIII). Proposed Compl. ¶¶ 159–176. In the Proposed Complaint Ms. Francis seeks millions of dollars in compensatory damages and emotional distress; she also seeks a declaratory judgment to return her to work at Grade–15, Step 10 level at a different Executive Branch department and a public apology. See Proposed Compl. at 49–50. The original Complaint does not specify a damages award, seeks a declaratory judgment to return Ms. Francis to work at Grade–15, Step 7, and does not request a public apology. See Compl. at 23.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

If a plaintiff wants to amend a complaint more than "21 days after service of a responsive pleading" it may only do so "with the opposing party's consent or the court's leave." Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). Rule 15 instructs courts to "freely give leave when justice so requires," id ; nevertheless, "the grant or denial of leave to amend is committed to a district court's discretion." Firestone v. Firestone , 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (citing Forman v. Davis , 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962) ). The Supreme Court has stressed that leave to amend should be freely given "[i]n the absence of any apparent or declared reason—such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc." Forman , 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, accord Miller v. Gray , No. 13-2018, 2016 WL 8671830, at *2 (D.D.C. Dec. 16, 2016). "The Court may deny leave to amend based on futility ‘if the proposed claim would not survive a motion to dismiss.’ " Berry v. Coastal Int'l Sec. Inc. , 12–1420, 2015 WL 13216805, *2 (D.D.C. July 24, 2015) (quoting Rumber v. District of Columbia , 598 F.Supp.2d 97, 102 (D.D.C. 2009) ). A court may also deny a motion to amend "where the only result would be to waste time and judicial resources." Ross v. DynCorp , 362 F.Supp.2d 344, 364 n.11 (D.D.C. 2005).

III. ANALYSIS

Ms. Francis did not seek leave to file the Proposed Complaint. Assuming she intended, as required, to seek such leave, it will be denied.

It would be futile to file the Proposed Complaint as so much of it cannot be litigated before this Court. Certain legal principles that govern the Proposed Complaint are clear and longstanding: (i) once a claim is litigated and finally resolved, it cannot be litigated again, United States v. Tohono O'Odham Nation , 563 U.S. 307, 315, 131 S.Ct. 1723, 179 L.Ed.2d 723 (2011) (res judicata bars repetitious suits involving the same cause of action once a court has entered final judgment on the merits); (ii) the United States may not be sued in the absence of a waiver of sovereign immunity which must be unequivocally expressed in statutory text, Dorsey v. U.S. Dep't of Labor , 41 F.3d 1551, 1555 (D.C. Cir. 1994) ; and (iii) Title VII and the ADEA are the exclusive means for federal employees to remedy alleged employment discrimination prohibited by those statutes, Brown v. Gen. Servs. Admin. , 425 U.S. 820, 835, 96 S.Ct. 1961, 48 L.Ed.2d 402 (1976).

Ms. Francis cannot re-litigate her claim of religious discrimination because those claims have already been litigated and decided by another member of this Court, whose opinion was sustained in full by the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals. See Francis v. Perez , No. 13-5333, 2014 WL 3013727. The doctrine of res judicata applies when (1) "the same issue now being raised [has] been contested by the parties and submitted for judicial determination in the prior case," (2) the issue was "actually and necessarily determined by a court of competent jurisdiction in that prior case," and (3) preclusion does "not work a basic unfairness to the party bound by the first determination." Yamaha Corp. of Am. v. United States , 961 F.2d 245, 254 (D.C. Cir. 1992). All allegations relating to Ms. Francis' claims of religious discrimination—whether she did allege them or could have alleged them in the prior suit—are therefore barred by principles of res judicata. See Nat'l Ass'n of Home Builders v. Envtl. Prot. Agency , 786 F.3d 34, 41 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (citing Taylor v. Sturgell , 553 U.S. 880, 892, 128 S.Ct. 2161, 171 L.Ed.2d 155 (2008) ) (holding res judicata bars successive litigation of an issue litigated and resolved even if the issue recurs in the context of a different claim); Yamaha Corp. of Am. , 961 F.2d at 254–55 ("Preclusion cannot be avoided simply by offering evidence in the second proceeding that could have been admitted, but was not, in the first."). "The doctrine of res judicata serves to protect against the expense and vexation attending multiple lawsuits, conserve judicial resources, and foster reliance on judicial action by minimizing the possibility of inconsistent decisions." Kennedy v. Boardman , No. 16-2235, 233 F.Supp.3d 117, 121–22, 2017 WL 177615, at *3 (D.D.C. Jan. 17, 2017) (quotations marks and citations omitted). Adding Count IV and all related factual allegations or claims for a remedy to this lawsuit would be futile because they would be subject to immediate dismissal under the doctrine of res judicata.

Ms. Francis wants to add a claim of "defamation and business defamation" to her Complaint that cannot be made against the federal government in this fashion and at this time. Proposed Compl. ¶¶ 169–171. Tort claims against the federal government are only actionable to the extent that it has waived its sovereign immunity, which it has done for some tort claims through the Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA). 28 U.S.C. § 1346 ; Smalls v. Emanuel , 840 F.Supp.2d 23 (D.D.C. 2012) (stating the FTCA waives immunity for some but not all torts against the federal government). The United States retains immunity with respect to claims of "libel, slander, misrepresentation, deceit, or interference with contract rights." 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h). "Therefore, courts in this Circuit uniformly dismiss...