Gay-Straight Alliance v. School Bd. of Nassau

602 F.Supp.2d 1233

GAY-STRAIGHT ALLIANCE OF YULEE HIGH SCHOOL, et al., Plaintiffs, v. SCHOOL BOARD OF NASSAU COUNTY, Defendant.

Case No. 3:09-cv-112-J-25TEM.

United States District Court, M.D. Florida, Jacksonville Division.

March 11, 2009.

Maria Kayanan, Randall C. Marshall, Robert F. Rosenwald, Jr., ACLU Foundation of Florida, Inc., Miami, FL, Shelbi D. Day, ACLU Foundation of Florida, Inc., West Central Florida Office, Tampa, FL, for Plaintiffs.

ORDER and PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

HENRY LEE ADAMS, JR., District Judge.

This Cause is before the Court on Gay-Straight Alliance of Yulee High School (Alliance), Hannah Page and Jacob Brock's Motion for Preliminary Injunction (Dkt. 2) and Motion to Waive Bond (Dkt. 6). Defendant School Board of Nassau County (School Board or Board) has filed oppositions to the Motions. The Court held a motion hearing on March 5, 2009.

Also before the Court is Defendant's Motion to Strike (Dkt. 16). Defendant seeks to exclude Plaintiffs' submission of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes' "Play Book." Defendant maintains the evidence should be excluded because it was not submitted five days prior to the hearing as required, Plaintiffs failed to provide a copy until the day after the motion hearing and the evidence was not properly authenticated. As to the first point, the Court allowed Defendant to respond to the evidence when it granted supplemental briefing. As to the last point, while Defendants arguments are well taken, it failed to make any argument regarding the authentication issue during the hearing.

Regardless, the Court need not rule on the Motion to Strike because reference to the Christian athlete organization is not necessary to render its decision on the preliminary injunction motion. Thus, the Motion to Strike is denied as moot.

Standard

To obtain a preliminary injunction, Plaintiffs must establish each of the following: (1) a substantial likelihood of success on the merits; (2) a substantial threat of irreparable injury if the injunction is not granted; (3) that the threatened injury to the plaintiffs outweighs the harm an injunction may cause the defendant; and (4) that granting the injunction would not disserve the public interest. Teper v. Miller, 82 F.3d 989, 992 n. 3 (11th Cir.1996) (citation omitted).¹

The Equal Access Act (EAA) provides as follows:

It shall be unlawful for any public secondary school which receives Federal financial assistance and which has a limited open forum to deny equal access or a fair opportunity to, or discriminate against, any students who wish to conduct a meeting within that limited open forum on the basis of the religious, political, philosophical, or other content of the speech at such meetings.

20 U.S.C. § 4071(a).

The EAA does not "limit the authority of the school, its agents or employees, to maintain order and discipline on school premises, to protect the well-being of students and faculty, and to assure that attendance of students at meetings is voluntary." 20 U.S.C.A. § 4071(f).

Courts examine whether the proposed club would: (1) materially and substantially disrupt the operation of the school, or (2) materially and substantially harm the well-being, or otherwise invade the rights, of others. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School Dist., 393 U.S. 503, 513-14, 89 S.Ct. 733, 21 L.Ed.2d 731 (1969).

Background and Pleading Summary

Plaintiffs Hannah Page and Jacob Brock are students at Yulee High School (Yulee High or school). The students sought permission to form an organization focusing on combating antigay harassment and discrimination and educating the school community about these issues.²

The Board ultimately denied recognition to the Alliance based upon its choice of the name "Gay-Straight Alliance." Plaintiffs maintain the denial violated the First Amendment and the EAA.

Plaintiffs request the Court enter a preliminary injunction pursuant to Fed. R.Civ.P. 65(a) and Local Rule 4.06 enjoining Defendant from denying equal access, treatment and club recognition to the Alliance.

Defendant argues, inter alia, that the EAA does not apply because: (1) an incident at the middle school involving one of the Plaintiffs demonstrates the Alliance may be disruptive and therefore the material and substantial disruption exception applies; (2) there is no limited open forum at Yulee High regarding sexual orientation discussion; and (3) the group's message violates Florida's abstinence only policy.³

Analysis

As a threshold matter, although this Order references First Amendment case law, it does not conduct a separate First Amendment analysis; in enacting the EAA, Congress effectively codified the First Amendment rights of non-curricular student groups.⁴

As noted earlier, Plaintiffs' position is that the school board cannot condition approval of the Alliance on a name change.⁵ Plaintiffs cite the recent case of Gonzalez v. Sch. Bd. of Okeechobee Co. to support its position. In Gonzalez, the court held that the school board was obligated by the EAA to grant equal access and recognition to the Alliance and may not place restrictions on it that were not uniformly applied to all noncurricular student groups. Gonzalez v. Sch. Bd. of Okeechobee Co., 571 F.Supp.2d 1257 (S.D.Fla.2008). The court dismissed the school board's argument that its existence would violate its abstinence only policy and also discounted the board's position that the message would interfere with discipline in the operation of the school. Id. at 1269.

Plaintiffs have also cited a case directly on point regarding the students' right to use the name "Gay-Straight Alliance." In Colin v. Orange Unified Sch. Dist., the court found the group was not required to change its name to "Tolerance Club," "Acceptance Club" or "Alliance." Colin v. Orange Unified Sch. Dist., 83 F.Supp.2d 1135, 1147-48 (C.D.Cal.2000).⁶ The Court noted no other proposed club was asked to change its name and that "when passing the EAA, Congress did not pass an Access for All Students Except Gay Students Act." Id. at 1142. The court found that a group's speech and association rights are implicated in the name it chooses; the plaintiffs thought it was important to announce that being gay is not "bad," and, further, the students wanted the group to be specific to gay harassment, the core reason for the club's existence. Id. at 1147-48.⁷

As noted above, the School Board here also argues that the use of the name Gay-Straight Alliance would materially and substantially disrupt the operation of the school, or materially and substantially harm the well-being, or otherwise invade the rights, of others. Regarding its position that the group would in same way interfere with its abstinence policy, as noted by Plaintiffs, only one court has ever found that a school could permissibly ban a club for this reason and the relevant facts in that case were unique. In Caudillo v. Lubbock Independent Sch. District, the court held that the school district could permissibly deny access to a similar club because, inter alia, the group's website provided access to obscene, indecent, and lewd sexual material. Caudillo v. Lubbock Independent Sch. District, 311 F.Supp.2d 550, 558 (N.D.Tex.2004).

The court concluded that under those circumstances, the school's abstinence-only policy and the Texas state law which, at the time, criminalized same sex sexual relationships, justified the club's exclusion. Id. at 563-68. There are no concerns about an inappropriate website here and there is no evidence that the Alliance counters the relevant abstinence policy in any way. Further, this argument was rejected in Gonzalez; the court found that the school board failed to demonstrate the club's mission of promoting tolerance towards gays is inconsistent with its abstinence only policy. The court reasoned that if dialogue required to discuss gay tolerance does violence to the principle of abstinence, so does any discussion of STDs and teen pregnancy. This Court agrees with the Gonzalez Court; the School Board's argument that the Alliance would in some way interfere with the abstinence only policy is not tell taken.

Next, Defendant contends that the group qualifies for the materially and substantially disruptive exclusion because Plaintiff Page engaged in disruptive behavior last year at Yulee Middle School during a gay rights demonstration. However, one incident involving one Alliance member's behavior at a different school regarding a different event does not amount to actual evidence the current high school club itself, or recognition of its name, will cause a material disruption. As argued by Plaintiffs, "[t]he school cannot demonstrate any nexus between the [Gay-Straight Alliance] name and the incident last year."

Further, the Court notes that case law does not support Defendant's point. In Boyd County High School Gay Straight Alliance v. Board of Educ. of Boyd County, KY, the school district also argued that the Alliance could be banned as disruptive. In that case, students protesting the existence of the gay rights group organized school boycotts, walkouts, and protests outside the school. The school district argued that the upheaval caused by the protesting students justified the exclusion of the group but the court rejected this argument citing the prohibition against a "heckler's veto."⁸ Boyd County High School Gay Straight Alliance v. Board of Educ. of Boyd County, KY, 258 F.Supp.2d 667, 688-691 (E.D.Ky.2003).

Also of note, Plaintiffs here observe that the Alliance met on October 1, 2008 with the permission of the principal and the name of the group was announced throughout the school for two days before the meeting over the school's public address system without disruption. The Court finds that the "safe harbor" exceptions are inapplicable.⁹

Lastly, Defendant argues that the school does not provide a limited open forum regarding sexual orientation discussion. However, not a single case supports Defen...