Heard v. State

325 Ga.App. 135

751 S.E.2d 918

HEARD

v.The STATE.

No. A13A0853.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

Nov. 22, 2013.

Healy & Svoren, Timothy Paul Healy, Nina Maria Svoren, Toccoa, for Appellant.

Robert W. Lavender, Dist. Atty., Adam Christopher Schroeder, David Parks White, Asst. Dist. Attys., for Appellee.

PHIPPS, Chief Judge.

We granted James Heard's application for interlocutory review of the trial court's order denying his motion to suppress evidence found during a stop of his vehicle. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.

[I]n reviewing a trial court's decision on a motion to suppress, we construe the evidence most favorably to uphold the findings and judgment, and the trial court's findings on disputed facts and credibility of the witnesses are adopted unless they are clearly erroneous. Further, because the trial court is the trier of fact, its findings will not be disturbed if any evidence supports them; but the court's application of the law to undisputed facts is reviewed de novo.¹

So viewed, the evidence in this case showed that on July 24, 2009, a police captain informed a patrol officer that he had received “some complaints about illegal narcotics,” and that the officer should be on the lookout for an “older model, two-wheel drive, blue Chevy S–10” vehicle; the captain gave the officer no additional information.

Later that evening, the patrol officer saw a vehicle matching that description and began following it. He noticed a 2007 registration decal on the license plate, but he saw no current (2009) decal. The officer initiated a traffic stop based on the suspected tag violation.²

The patrol officer approached Heard, who was the vehicle's driver and sole occupant, and told him that he had stopped the vehicle because of the 2007 decal. Heard replied that he had a valid decal. At the officer's request, Heard produced his driver's license and proof of insurance. The officer observed that Heard was shaking, and he asked Heard if he was nervous. Heard replied that he was not. While the patrol officer was speaking with Heard, two other officers walked up to Heard's vehicle; one stood next to the passenger's door, while the other stood near the vehicle's cargo area.

The patrol officer walked back to the patrol vehicle and, as he did so, he saw that Heard's license plate had a current decal affixed; the officer testified that the plate was bent and the decal was “curled up” on the “wrong” or “left” side of the plate.³ The officer “began running information through GCIC and NCIC, tag information, driver's license information,” and outstanding warrant information. After the checks were completed and no “issues” were revealed, the officer returned to Heard's vehicle and handed Heard his driver's license and insurance card. The officer testified that, at that point, his traffic investigation had ended and “[h]ad [Heard] denied consent, he would have been free to leave.”

Upon returning Heard's documents, the officer told Heard that he had stopped him because he had seen a 2007 decal on the license plate and that “normally, what you do is like when you get the new green tag, you put it on top.” The officer continued, “Now that I get up here, you're pretty nervous.” The officer asked Heard if there was any reason he was so nervous. Heard replied that the blue lights and the traffic stop made him nervous. The officer asked Heard if he was nervous because he had illegal narcotics or weapons in the vehicle. Heard denied having such items.

The officer next asked Heard if he could search the vehicle. Heard replied that he did not want the vehicle searched, and then stepped out of the vehicle.⁴ The officer frisked Heard for weapons and then asked Heard again if he could search the vehicle. This time, Heard consented. The search of the vehicle yielded a small tube containing six pieces of suspected crack cocaine. Heard was arrested and charged with possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. A total of about four minutes elapsed from the time Heard stopped his vehicle to the time he consented to the search.

Heard moved to suppress the evidence seized from the vehicle, arguing that, among other things, the officer had prolonged the traffic stop without a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. The trial court denied the motion, finding that the stop was valid based on the suspected tag violation, that the detention had not been unreasonably long, and that Heard had consented to the search.

1. Heard does not dispute that the initial traffic stop for the suspected tag violation was valid.⁵ Instead, he contends that the officer prolonged the traffic stop to conduct a drug investigation without having a legal basis for doing so, and that the trial court thus erred in denying his motion to suppress. We agree.

Upon this Court's review, it is appropriate to examine whether the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the defendant. A reasonabletime to conduct a traffic stop includes the time necessary to verify the driver's license, insurance, registration, and to complete any paperwork connected with the citation or a written warning. A reasonable time also includes the time necessary to run a computer check to determine whether there are any outstanding arrest warrants for the driver or the passengers.⁶

“Once the tasks related to the investigation of the traffic violation and processing of the traffic citation have been accomplished, an officer cannot continue to detain an individual without articulable suspicion.” ⁷ “Once the purpose of that [traffic] stop has been fulfilled, the continued detention of the car and the occupants amounts to a second detention.” ⁸ “[I]f [an] officer continues to detain [an individual] after the conclusion of the traffic stop and interrogates him or seeks consent to search without reasonable suspicion of criminal activity, the officer has exceeded the scope of a permissible investigation of the initial traffic stop.” ⁹

Here, the officer testified that the traffic investigation ended when he determined that the vehicle's registration was valid and that, absent consent to search, Heard was “free to leave” when the officer returned his documents. In fact, the officer could lawfully verify the registration, driver's license and insurance information, and check for outstanding warrants; but any subsequent interrogation or request for consent had to be supported by reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.¹⁰

The officer expressly confirmed at the hearing that after his investigation of the suspected traffic violation had ended, he “extended the detention by asking Heard questions about his nervous behavior,” and that he was “then launching into a drug investigation.” The officer testified that he asked those questions because he thought there might be contraband in the vehicle; he said that his suspicion was based on Heard's nervous behavior and the lookout information he (the officer) had received before the traffic stop.

In this case, the basis of the officer's suspicion was insufficient to justify the continued or second detention.¹¹ The officer had no information about the reliability of the lookout information, such as who had provided the information to the captain or how recently it had been provided.¹² And the officer was given only a general description of the vehicle, not information sufficiently detailed that it would have allowed him to verify that the information was inherently reliable.¹³

Nervousness is not sufficient to justify an investigative detention. ¹⁴ Even when we consider together the lookout information and Heard's nervousness, we cannot conclude that the officer was aware of circumstances sufficient to create a reasonable suspicion that Heard was involved in criminal activity other than the suspected traffic violation.¹⁵

The state asserts that “the stop was not unlawfully prolonged as ... no more than four minutes” elapsed from the time Heard stopped his vehicle until he consented to the search.

However, in assessing the reasonableness of an investigative stop, “[n]o ‘bright-line’ or rigid time limitation is imposed.” ¹⁶ In considering whether the length of a detention was reasonable, it is appropriate to examine whether, after the stop of the vehicle, “the police diligently pursued a means of investigation that was likely to confirm or dispel their suspicions quickly, during which time it was necessary to detain the defendant.” ¹⁷ “The officer's purpose in an ordinary traffic stop is to enforce the laws of the roadway, and ordinarily to investigate the manner of driving with the intent to issue a citation or warning.” ¹⁸

Here, the purpose of the traffic stop had been effectuated, and no developments occurred after the vehicle was validly stopped which provided the officer with a reasonable basis to suspect that there were illegal drugs in the vehicle.¹⁹ Yet, the officer continued to question Heard about his nervousness and whether he possessed drugs or weapons, and to seek consent to a search. The detention lasted longer than was necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop, and was not lawful.²⁰ We hold that, in this case, the trial court erred in its application of the law to undisputed facts.

2. In a related argument, Heard contends that the trial court erred by finding that the search was lawful based on his consent, when, in fact, his consent was the product of an illegal detention and thus was not valid.

As discussed in Division 1,²¹ the officer lacked reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to justify detaining Heard after the traffic investigation ended. Accordingly, Heard's consent to search the vehicle—given after the traffic investigation concluded—was the product of an illegally prolonged detention, and no circumstances intervened to purge the taint of that illegal detention.²² The trial court erred by denying the ...