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Hearsay

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HEARSAY
9-1
CHAPTER 9
HEARSAY
I. PRINCIPLES
A. Hearsay Rule
ยง9:10 Defโ€Œinition and Purpose
ยง9:20 Admissibility
ยง9:30 Non-Hearsay Purpose
ยง9:40 Effect of Hearsay Admitted Without Objection
B. Exceptions
ยง9:50 Overview
ยง9:60 Availability of Declarant
ยง9:70 No Wild Card Exception
II. OBJECTIONS
A. General Objections
ยง9:80 Hearsay
ยง9:90 Hearsay Within Hearsay
B. Hearsay Exceptions
ยง9:100 Admissions [Evid. Code ยงยง1220-1228.1]
ยง9:110 Declaration Against Interest [Evid. Code ยง1230]
ยง9:120 Prior Statements of Witnesses [Evid. Code ยงยง1235-1238]
ยง9:130 Spontaneous, Contemporaneous and Dying Declarations [Evid. Code ยงยง1240-1242]
ยง9:140 Statements of Mental or Physical State [Evid. Code ยงยง1250-1253]
ยง9:150 Business Records [Evid. Code ยงยง1270-1272]
ยง9:160 Offโ€Œicial Records [Evid. Code ยงยง1280-1284]
ยง9:170 Former Testimony [Evid. Code ยงยง1290-1294]
ยง9:180 Judgments [Evid. Code ยงยง1300-1302]
ยง9:190 Miscellaneous Exceptions
HEARSAY
(ฮคฮทฮนฯƒ ฯ€ฮฑฮณฮต ฮนฮฝฯ„ฮตฮฝฯ„ฮนฮฟฮฝฮฑฮปฮปฯˆ ฮปฮตฯ†ฯ„ ฮฒฮปฮฑฮฝฮบ.)
HEARSAY
9-3 Hearsay ยง9:10
I. PRINCIPLES
A. Hearsay Rule
ยง9:10 Defโ€Œinition and Purpose
ฮ—ฮตฮฑฯฯƒฮฑฯˆ ฮนฯƒ ฮตฯ–ฮนฮดฮตฮฝฯ‡ฮต ฮฟฯ† ฮฑ ฯƒฯ„ฮฑฯ„ฮตยตฮตฮฝฯ„ ฯ„ฮทฮฑฯ„ ฯ‰ฮฑฯƒ ยตฮฑฮดฮต ฮฟฯ„ฮทฮตฯ ฯ„ฮทฮฑฮฝ ฮฒฯˆ ฮฑ ฯ‰ฮนฯ„ฮฝฮตฯƒฯƒ ฯ‰ฮทฮนฮปฮต ฯ„ฮตฯƒฯ„ฮนฯ†ฯˆฮนฮฝฮณ ฮฑฯ„ ฯ„ฮทฮต ฮทฮตฮฑฯฮนฮฝฮณ ฮฑฮฝฮด
๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎˜๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‚†๎€”๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€‹๎„๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎Œ๎๎“๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€๎’๎‰๎€๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ
๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎˜๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–. ฮงฯ…ฮฝฮฝฮนฮฝฮณฮทฮฑยต๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€”๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€•๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€•๎€™๎€๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€œ๎€™๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€•๎€œ๎€”๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎ตต๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎˜๎—๎‹๎€๎€ƒฯƒฮตฮต ๎‚†๎€œ๎€๎€–๎€“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ
๎‚ณ๎๎˜๎๎—๎Œ๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€๎‚ด๎€ƒฯƒฮตฮต๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€œ๎€๎€œ๎€“๎€‘
๎€ท๎’๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎…๎๎Œ๎–๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎๎๎’๎š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎–๎š๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€พ ฯƒฮตฮต๎€ƒ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€”๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€‹๎„๎€Œ๎€๎€
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ฌ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎๎„๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ข๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎๎„๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€”๎€–๎€˜๎€‘๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎€ณ๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎๎๎’๎š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€”๎€š๎€˜๎€๎€
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎—๎˜๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎•๎
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎’๎†๎Œ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎Š๎„๎‘๎Œ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎–๎‹๎Œ๎“
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎–๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎–
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎˜๎–๎—
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎•๎“๎’๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎„๎…๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎„๎‘๎œ
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎…๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎—๎œ
๎€ฑ๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎•๎†๎’๎—๎Œ๎†๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎๎๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎๎„๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎€‘๎‚ด๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–.
ฮฆฮนฮตฮปฮดฯƒ ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€›๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€™๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€™๎€–๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€™๎€›๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€•๎€˜๎€˜๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎„๎—๎„๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎˜๎—๎’๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎€
๎“๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–. ฮกฮฟฮดฯฮนฮณฯ…ฮตฮถ ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€”๎€™๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€˜๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€–๎€˜๎€˜๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€š๎€œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€•๎€—๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€•๎€œ๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ช๎€ณ๎€ถ๎€ƒ๎‡๎„๎—๎„๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎—๎’๎˜๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎„๎†๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎“๎˜๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–. ฮฮฑฮถฮฑฯฯˆ ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€“๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€š๎€•๎€š๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€˜๎€—๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€•๎€“๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€”๎€—๎€–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎„๎˜๎—๎’๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎‹๎Œ๎ˆ๎•๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎„๎—๎„๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎๎“๎•๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎‹๎’๎—๎’๎Š๎•๎„๎“๎‹๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎˜๎—๎’๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎๎ˆ๎•๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–. ฮ“ฮฟฮปฮดฯƒยตฮนฯ„ฮท
๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€—๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€•๎€˜๎€›๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€š๎€—๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€š๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€™๎€–๎€š๎€‘
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€บ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎˜๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎๎’๎‘๎œ๎€ข๎€ƒ๎€ท๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ
๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‰๎œ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎€‘ ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€”๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€‹๎„๎€Œ๎€‘ ๎€ค๎ตถ๎‡๎„๎™๎Œ๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎๎„๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ
๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€๎’๎‰๎€๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎’๎–๎–๎€๎ˆ๎›๎„๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‰๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒฮฉฮนฮฝฮดฮนฮณฮฟ
ฮœฮนฮปฮปฯƒ ฯ–. ฮฅฮฝฮตยตฯ€ฮปฮฟฯˆยตฮตฮฝฯ„ ฮ™ฮฝฯƒ. ฮ‘ฯ€ฯ€ฮตฮฑฮปฯƒ ฮ’ฮด.๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€š๎€œ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€›๎€™๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€š๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€˜๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€™๎€–๎€‘
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€บ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ข๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎Œ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€•๎€•๎€˜๎€๎€
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ฒ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎•๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘
๎‚‡๎€ƒ ๎€ฑ๎’๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎•๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎•๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘
๎€ค๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–. ฮกฮตฯˆฮตฯƒ ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€›๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€”๎€˜๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€•๎€”๎€—๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€”๎€œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€“๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€“๎€–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎œ๎’๎˜๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎—๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎˜๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎œ๎’๎˜๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎—๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎€๎€ƒ๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ข๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎๎“๎๎œ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎“๎’๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎˜๎‘๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€ฑ๎’๎‘๎„๎–๎–๎ˆ๎•๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€”๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎‘๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎•๎œ๎€ž๎€ƒฯƒฮตฮต ฮ™ฮฝ ฯฮต
ฮงฮทฮตฯฯˆฮป ฮ—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€—๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€”๎€˜๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€œ๎€›๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€”๎€•๎€›๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€š๎€›๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎Œ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎„๎—๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎‡๎’๎๎๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎‡๎˜๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎™๎Œ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎„๎“๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎๎๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‘๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎‹๎’๎š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎›๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎„๎š๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎“๎’๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎ˆ๎•๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต
ฯ–. ฮงฮฟฯ–ฮฑฯฯฯ…ฮฒฮนฮฑฯƒ ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€™๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€˜๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€›๎€–๎€›๎€๎€ƒ๎€›๎€›๎€™๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€š๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€•๎€•๎€›๎€ƒ๎€‹๎“๎’๎Œ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎“๎’๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ฌ๎‘๎™๎’๎๎˜๎‘๎—๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎’๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎“๎’๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–. ฯ‘ฯ…ฯฮฑฮดฮฟ ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€™๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€–๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€š๎€•๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€•๎€œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€–๎€”๎€œ๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎–๎’๎…๎…๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‡๎˜๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎™๎Œ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎๎˜๎—๎†๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎Š๎„๎—๎’๎•๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‘๎‡๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎œ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎•๎…๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎„๎•๎–๎„๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒฮ ฮตฮฟฯ€ฮปฮต ฯ–. ฮ–ฮฑยตฯ…ฮดฮนฮฟ ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€›๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€—๎€–๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€–๎€•๎€š๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€˜๎€“๎€๎€–๎€˜๎€”๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎“๎—๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€•๎€›๎€œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‡๎’๎“๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒฯƒฮตฮต ๎‚†๎€œ๎€๎€”๎€“๎€“๎€‘

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