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HEARSAY

6-1

6. HEARSAY

Hearsay

♣600 Ιν Γενεραλ

♣610 Ασσερτιϖε ςερσυσ Νον−Ασσερτιϖε Χονδυχτ

♣620 Ηεαρσαψ ςερσυσ Νον−Ηεαρσαψ Πυρποσε

♣621 Πριορ Στατεµεντ βψ Ωιτνεσσ

♣622 Φορµερ Τεστιµονψ

♣623 ϑυδιχιαλ Φινδινγσ οφ Φαχτ

♣624 Χονφροντατιον Χλαυσε Ισσυεσ

♣624.1 Χραωφορδ Ηολδινγσ

♣624.2 Ωηατ Αρε Τεστιµονιαλ Στατεµεντσ?

♣624.3 911 Χαλλσ

♣624.4 Αυτοπσιεσ

♣624.5 Λαβορατορψ Ρεπορτσ

♣624.6 Πολιχε Ινϖολϖεµεντ ιν Πσψχηολογιχαλ ανδ Μεδιχαλ Χαρε

♣624.7 Ταπεδ Τελεπηονε Χαλλσ

♣624.8 Τηε ∆ψινγ ∆εχλαρατιον Εξχεπτιον

♣624.9 Φορφειτυρε Βψ Ωρονγδοινγ: Γιλεσ ϖ. Χαλιφορνια

§624.10StatementsNotOeredfortheTruth

♣624.11 Προχεεδινγσ ιν Ωηιχη Χραωφορδ ∆οεσ Νοτ Αππλψ

♣624.12 Πρεσερϖινγ Χραωφορδ Χηαλλενγεσ το Εϖιδενχε

♣624.13 Τηε Βασιχ Χραωφορδ Αναλψσισ

HEARSAY

(Τηισ παγε ιντεντιοναλλψ λεφτ βλανκ.)

HEARSAY

6-3 HEARSAY §610

§600 In General

Τηε ρεασον βεηινδ τηε ηεαρσαψ δοχτρινε ισ α χονχερν αβουτ τηε ρελιαβιλιτψ οφ χερταιν εϖιδενχε: Ιν παρτιχυλαρ, α χον−

χερν αβουτ τηε ρελιαβιλιτψ οφ ιν−χουρτ τεστιµονψ αβουτ ουτ−οφ−χουρτ στατεµεντσ ωηενεϖερ τηε προπονεντ οφ τηατ τεστιµονψ

αττεµπτσ το υσε τηοσε στατεµεντσ ασ εϖιδενχε ιν τηε χασε. Υνδερ τηε χοµµον λαω, ηεαρσαψ ωασ νοτ αλλοωεδ βεχαυσε τηε



ισ συβϕεχτ το χροσσ−εξαµινατιον, ανψ ουτ−οφ−χουρτ στατεµεντ µαδε βψ τηε δεχλαραντ ισ υνρελιαβλε.

Υνδερ τηε φεδεραλ ρυλεσ, ανδ υνδερ µοστ µοδερν στατε ρυλεσ, ηεαρσαψ ηασ α ρελατιϖελψ ναρροω αππλιχατιον. Α στατεµεντ

ισ ηεαρσαψ ονλψ ιφ:

 ιτ ισ µαδε βψ αν ουτ−οφ−χουρτ δεχλαραντ;

 ιτ ισ ιντενδεδ το βε α στατεµεντ (ασσερτιϖε χονδυχτ ορ οραλ/ωριττεν ασσερτιον);

 

Τηε φολλοωινγ σεχτιονσ ωιλλ δισχυσσ τηε µοδερν ηεαρσαψ ρυλε ανδ ιτσ εξχεπτιονσ.

§610 Assertive Versus Non-Assertive Conduct

    

περτινεντ παρτ:



ιντενδεδ ιτ ασ αν ασσερτιον.



Υνδερ τηε Ρυλεσ, α στατεµεντ ισ ονλψ ηεαρσαψ ιφ ιτ ισ ιντενδεδ το βε αν ασσερτιον. Τηατ ισ, ιτ µυστ βε:

 α πυρποσελψ οραλ ασσερτιον;

 α πυρποσελψ ωριττεν ασσερτιον; ορ

 πυρποσεφυλ χονδυχτ ιντενδεδ ασ αν ασσερτιον.



 α νατυραλ περσον;

 ωηο µακεσ τηε στατεµεντ.

Elements

Τηε φολλοωινγ αρε τηε φουνδατιοναλ ελεµεντσ το δετερµινε ωηετηερ α στατεµεντ ισ ηεαρσαψ (ασσερτιϖε χονδυχτ) ορ

νον−ηεαρσαψ (νον−ασσερτιϖε χονδυχτ).

Ασσερτιϖε Χονδυχτ

 

 α πυρποσελψ σποκεν ασσερτιον; ορ

 α πυρποσελψ ωριττεν ασσερτιον; ορ

 πυρποσεφυλ χονδυχτ

 



το τηε ηεαρσαψ ρυλε ωηιχη αρε ενυµερατεδ ανδ εξπλαινεδ λατερ ιν τηισ χηαπτερ.

Νον−Ασσερτιϖε Χονδυχτ

Ουτ−οφ−χουρτ ωορδσ σποκεν βψ α δεχλαραντ ωιλλ νοτ βε α στατεµεντ ανδ, τηερεφορε, ωιλλ νοτ βε ηεαρσαψ, ιφ τηε φολ−

λοωινγ φουνδατιον ισ λαιδ:

 

 υνιντεντιοναλλψ υττερ σποκεν ωορδσ;

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