In re Clark

163 N.H. 184

37 A.3d 327

CLARK'S CASE.

No. LD–2011–006.

Supreme Court of New Hampshire.

Argued: Nov. 10, 2011.Opinion Issued: Jan. 13, 2012.

James L. Kruse, of Concord, on the brief and orally, for the professional conduct committee.

Upton & Hatfield, LLP, of Portsmouth (Russell F. Hilliard on the brief and orally), for the respondent.

LYNN, J.

On May 12, 2011, the Supreme Court Professional Conduct Committee (PCC) filed a petition recommending disbarment of the respondent, Grenville Clark, III. We order the respondent disbarred.

I

The record supports the following undisputed facts. In September 2008, Heidi Gaudreau hired the respondent, an attorney licensed in New Hampshire since 1971, to help her file for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 13 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. This chapter of the Code allows individuals to reorganize their finances and repay creditors over time. Gaudreau had recently married and insisted that her husband and his income not be involved in the bankruptcy petition. The respondent, thus aware of his client's husband and income, prepared the necessary documents and submitted them to the bankruptcy court. One of those documents is Schedule I, “Current Monthly Income of Individual Debtor(s),” which calls for the preparer to supply the debtor's monthly income in one column and the debtor's spouse's monthly income in the other column. At the top of that document, the form states: “The column labeled ‘Spouse’ must be completed in all cases ... by every married debtor, whether or not a joint petition is filed, unless the spouses are separated and a joint petition is not filed.” The respondent nevertheless entered zeroes in the spousal income column. On the line reserved for “other monthly income” of the debtor, the respondent entered “$2,195.00” in the appropriate field and wrote “contributions from spouse” on the corresponding line.

Another document filed by the respondent with Gaudreau's petition was the “Chapter 13 Statement of Current Monthly Income and Calculation of Commitment Period and Disposable Income.” On that form, the respondent also entered zeroes in the column designated for the debtor's spouse's income except on line 7, where he entered $365.83 in the spousal income column for “Any amounts paid by another person ... on a regular basis, for household expenses of the debtor.” The next page of that form allows the filer to enter a “marital adjustment” if “calculation of the commitment period ... does not require inclusion of the [spouse's] income” because such income was not paid on a regular basis for the debtor's household expenses. That adjustment would have allowed Gaudreau to ask the court to subtract the amount of her husband's income not being used for her household expenses from its calculation of the total amount of disposable income in the debtor's household. The respondent entered zeroes in the marital adjustment fields. He filed Gaudreau's bankruptcy petition along with these and other forms in September and October 2008.

After a hearing in November 2008, the bankruptcy trustee recommended against confirming Gaudreau's Chapter 13 plan in part because she had not established her disposable income. She then converted her case to a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, but the trustee in that case moved to dismiss based, in part, upon Gaudreau's failure to disclose her husband's income. In June 2009, after the respondent's representation of Gaudreau had terminated, she withdrew her bankruptcy petition, and the bankruptcy court accepted her withdrawal and dismissed the case.

Based upon the respondent's representation of Gaudreau in her bankruptcy case, the PCC petitioned this court to disbar the respondent based on its conclusion that he knowingly made a false statement of fact or law to a tribunal in violation of Rule 3.3(a)(1) of the New Hampshire Rules of Professional Conduct. The respondent is currently subject to a separate two-year suspension from the practice of law.

II

The PCC's findings of violations of the Conduct Rules must be supported by clear and convincing evidence. Sup.Ct. R. 37A(III)(d)(2)(C). In attorney discipline matters, we defer to the PCC's factual findings if supported by the record, but retain ultimate authority to determine whether, on the facts found, a violation of the rules governing attorney conduct has occurred and, if so, what the sanction should be. Young's Case, 154 N.H. 359, 366, 913 A.2d 727 (2006).

The respondent argues that the PCC lacked clear and convincing evidence that he knowingly made a false statement of fact to the bankruptcy court, in violation of Rule 3.3(a)(1), when he entered zeroes in the columns on the two forms instructing filers to enter the amount of the debtor's spouse's income. He contends that he did not knowingly violate the rule in part because bankruptcy law is unsettled on the issue of what effect spousal income has in a bankruptcy case and in part because he reported his client's spouse's income—as “contributions from spouse”—elsewhere on the forms and in the filing.

The Code sets forth in 11 U.S.C. § 1322 (2006) the general contents of a Chapter 13 plan. A Chapter 13 plan allows for partial payments to creditors over certain “commitment periods” of three to five years. See 11 U.S.C. § 1322(d)(1), (2). The length of a commitment period is determined by whether “the current monthly income of the debtor and the debtor's spouse combined” is above or below a specified level. Id. Thus, to correctly determine the “commitment period,” a debtor is required to disclose her and her spouse's income. Accordingly, both the Schedule I form and the Chapter 13 Statement of Current Monthly Income form include one column in which filers must enter the debtor's income, and a second column in which filers must enter the debtor's spouse's income.

With this background in mind, we conclude that clear and convincing evidence supported the PCC's determination that the respondent knowingly made false statements to the bankruptcy court in violation of Rule 3.3(a)(1). The bankruptcy court in a Chapter 13 case uses the Schedule I form as a starting point to determine a petitioner's eligibility for bankruptcy protection and to select an appropriate plan and commitment period. See 11 U.S.C. § 101(10A)(A)(i) (2006); 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(4)(ii) (2006); In re Lanning, 545 F.3d 1269, 1282 (10th Cir.2008), aff'd sub. nom. Hamilton v. Lanning, ––– U.S. ––––, 130 S.Ct. 2464, 177 L.Ed.2d 23 (2010). As is clear from the statute, bankruptcy courts use spousal income to determine whether, and under what circumstances, the debtor is entitled to enter a repayment plan. See 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(4)(ii).

The respondent argues that because the calculation of spousal income for the purposes of a bankruptcy case is “not entirely clear,” and because he provided hints of Gaudreau's husband's income elsewhere on the form ( i.e., listing $2195 as “contributions from spouse” on Schedule I and $365.83 as spousal income from other sources on the Chapter 13 Statement of Current Monthly Income), he did not knowingly provide a false statement to the tribunal.

The respondent cites two cases in support of his contention that the law regarding disclosure of a non-filing spouse's income is uncertain. Neither is persuasive of this proposition. In In re Travis, 353 B.R. 520 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.2006), the court merely observed that “the calculation of current monthly income when there is a non-filing spouse is complicated.” Id. at 525 (emphasis added). In fact, in Travis, the debtor fully disclosed his spouse's income; the dispute was limited to the proper mode of calculating her income for the purpose of identifying whether a presumption of abuse arose in a Chapter 7 case under 11 U.S.C. § 707(b). In In re Boatright, 414 B.R. 526, 530–31 (Bankr.W.D.Mo.2009), the court discussed the fact that a non-debtor spouse's “Current Monthly Income” (CMI) could potentially be captured under the definition of CMI contained within either 11 U.S.C. § 101(10A)(A) or 11 U.S.C. § 101(10A)(B), and concluded that the latter was the more appropriate vehicle for doing so. As in Travis, the issue in Boatright was to what extent a non-debtor spouse's income should be considered in determining whether a bankruptcy filing is abusive under 11 U.S.C. § 707(b). Notably, the court in Boatright stated at the outset of its opinion: “Courts widely agree that a non-debtor spouse's income should be considered in determining whether a debtor's bankruptcy filing should be dismissed as abusive under 11 U.S.C. § 707(b).” Id. at 528. While we might agree with the respondent that Boatright offers support for the proposition that only the non-filing spouse's contributions to the debtor's household expenses, rather than his gross income, is included within CMI, neither that case nor Travis suggests that something less than full disclosure of the non-filing spouse's income is permitted. Indeed, the “marital adjustment” section of the Statement of Current Monthly Income form is specifically designed to allow a debtor, after making full disclosure of her spouse's income, to explain why some or all of that income should not be considered because it was not available for the payment of the debtor's household expenses.

Whether and how the court could consider Gaudreau's husband's income in determining her bankruptcy eligibility and plan has no bearing on whether the respondent knowingly made a false statement of fact to the court. The very first instruction on Schedule I states: “The column labeled ‘Spouse’ must be completed in all cases ... by every married debtor, whether or not a joint petition is filed, unless the spouses are separated and a joint petition is not filed.” Thus, the column designated for spousal income was equivalent to the court asking the respondent, “What is your client's spouse's income?” ¹ By placing zeroes in that column when he knew Gaudreau's husband had income, the respondent...