In re Davis

1

IN RE ROBIN SEAN DAVIS

No. 10-21-00074-CR

Court of Appeals of Texas, Tenth District

May 18, 2022

Do not publish

From the 413th District Court Johnson County, Texas Cause No F-50644

Before Chief Justice Gray, Justice Johnson, and Justice Smith

MEMORANDUM OPINION

MATT JOHNSON Justice

Relator Robin Sean Davis brings this original proceeding seeking a writ of mandamus to compel the trial court to vacate its order of September 22, 2020 denying his motion to dismiss, to enter an order granting the motion to dismiss, and to dismiss the indictment against him with prejudice. In one issue Davis argues that the trial court abused its discretion because he is being held in violation of the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act (IADA).

Background

Davis serving a nine-year sentence in Oklahoma, submitted a formal request on February 11, 2020 under the IADA seeking transfer to Texas to resolve pending charges of unlawful possession of a firearm, theft of a firearm, and theft of property. A bench warrant was signed on February 13, 2020, and Davis was released by Oklahoma to Texas and incarcerated in the Johnson County jail on February 25, 2020. Davis was arraigned on March 4, 2020 and counsel was appointed. At Davis's request, and the State's approval, the trial court set the case for trial on April 27, 2020.

On March 13, 2020, the Governor of the State of Texas declared a state of disaster in response to the immediate threat of a COVID-19 pandemic. The Governor of the State of Tex Proclamation No. 41, 3720, 45 Tex. Reg. 2087, 2094-95 (2020). In response to the Governor's declaration, the Texas Supreme Court, in conjunction with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, issued a series of emergency orders.

The First Emergency Order issued on March 13, 2020, stated in part that- subject only to constitutional limitations-all Texas courts were authorized to "modify or suspend any and all deadlines and procedures, whether prescribed by statute, rule or order, for a stated period ending no later than 30 days after the Governor's state of disaster has been lifted." First Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. Docket No. 20-9042 (Tex. Mar. 13, 2020), Misc. Docket No. 20-007 (Tex. Crim App. Mar. 13, 2020). This order also authorized certain individuals-"not including a juror"-to participate remotely in hearings, depositions, "or other proceeding[s] of any kind." Id. Less than a week later, a Third Emergency Order issued, stating that "[c]ourts must not conduct non-essential proceedings in person" that were "contrary to local, state, or national directives, whichever is most restrictive, regarding maximum group size." Third Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. Docket No. 20-9044 (Tex. Mar. 19, 2020), Misc. Docket No. 20-008 (Tex. Crim. App. Mar. 19, 2020).

Ex parte Pace, No. 03-20-00430-CR, 2021 WL 728168, at *7 (Tex. App.-Austin Feb. 25, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication). As a result of the emergency orders, trial did not commence on April 27.

In April, the Texas Supreme Court issued a Twelfth Emergency Order containing the same authorization to Texas courts to "modify or suspend any and all deadlines and procedures" and amending the first order to clarify that Texas courts were authorized to "[a]llow or require anyone involved in any hearing, deposition, or other proceeding of any kind-including but not limited to a party, attorney, witness, court reporter, or grand juror, but not including a petit juror-to participate remotely, such as by teleconferencing, videoconferencing, or other means." Twelfth Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. Docket No. 20-9059 (Tex. Apr. 27, 2020). But by May, the Texas Supreme Court issued its Seventeenth Emergency Order that, among other things, allowed for petit jurors "to participate remotely, such as by teleconferencing, videoconferencing, or other means." Seventeenth Emergency Order Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, Misc. Docket No. 20-9071 (Tex. May 26, 2020). And as our sister court of appeals has noted, the Texas Supreme Court has specified various guidelines by which jury trials should be conducted. See Ex parte Sheffield, 611 S.W.3d 630, 635 (Tex. App.-Amarillo 2020, pet. filed).

Id. The Twelfth Emergency Order precluded in-person proceedings until June 1, 2020 and extended until July 15, 2020 any deadlines that would have expired between March 13, 2020 and June 1, 2020.

On June 30, 2020, Davis filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus with the trial court seeking dismissal of the indictment against him or the setting of a reasonable bail as the State did not bring him to trial within the timeframe set in the IADA. Davis's petition was denied by the trial court on July 16, 2020. Davis appealed the trial court's ruling, which was filed in this Court on July 30, 2020 under Cause Number 10-20-00203- CR. Davis's appeal was transferred to the Seventh Court of Appeals pursuant to a transfer order.

While his appeal was pending in the Seventh Court of Appeals, Davis filed a Motion to Dismiss with Prejudice for Failure to Comply with Interstate Agreement on Detainers on August 24, 2020 in the trial court. Davis's motion asserted that he had not been provided a trial within 120 days as required by the IADA and that the indictment against him should be dismissed.^[1] The trial court held an evidentiary hearing via video conference on September 22, 2020 and denied Davis's motion the same day.^[2] The trial court specifically noted:

The Court would note in Article 51.14, Article VI(a), of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, it provides as follows: (a) In determining the duration and expiration dates of the time period provided in Articles III and IV of this agreement, the running of said time periods shall be tolled whenever and for as long as the prisoner is unable to stand trial, as determined by the Court having jurisdiction of the matter. The Texas Supreme Court has issued emergency orders during the COVID-19 pandemic in Texas which prohibits the Trial Court from trying jury trials. And the Court would find that the time periods as set out in the Interstate Agreement on Detainers has been tolled because of the emergency orders of the Texas Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court's Twenty-Second Emergency Order was issued on August 6, 2020 and was in effect at the time Davis filed his motion to dismiss. See Twenty-Second Emergency Ord. Regarding the COVID-19 State of Disaster, 609 S.W.3d 129 (Tex. 2020). The Twenty-Second Emergency Order extended the suspension of deadlines until September 30, 2020, and precluded jury trials unless certain provisions were met, including: a. be at the request of the judge presiding over the case;

b. ensure adequate social distancing and other restrictions and precautions are taken to ensure the health and safety of court staff, parties, attorneys, jurors, and the public;

c. take all reasonable steps to protect the parties' constitutional and statutory rights;

d. require the admonishment of petit jurors as appropriate to ensure that proper attention is given by each juror and that outside influence is removed; and

e. permit the Office of Court Administration to observe the processes used during the proceeding in order for the Office of Court Administration to prepare its report to the Court and to develop best practices for other courts' use.

Id. at 131

The Seventh Court of Appeals dismissed Davis's appeal on November 9, 2020, noting that a petition for writ of mandamus is the proper method for raising a claim regarding violation of the IADA rather than a petition for habeas corpus. Ex parte Davis, No. 07-20-00227-CR, 2020 WL 6576157 (Tex. App.-Amarillo Nov. 9, 2020, no pet.) (mem op., not designated for publication). Mandate was issued on January 26, 2021. Davis filed his present petition for writ of mandamus on March 20, 2021.

Issue One

Authority

Mandamus is an extraordinary remedy, available in a criminal case when the relator can establish: (1) he has no adequate remedy at law, and "(2) that what he seeks to compel is a ministerial act, not involving a discretionary or judicial decision." In re Meza, 611 S.W.3d 383, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020) (orig. proceeding); see also In re State ex rel. Ogg, 618 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Tex. Crim. App. 2021) (orig. proceeding). We will assume without deciding that Davis has no adequate remedy at law.

The ministerial act prong is satisfied if the record establishes "a clear right to the relief sought," which means that "the facts and circumstances dictate but one rational decision under unequivocal, well-settled (i.e., from extant statutory, constitutional, or case law sources), and clearly controlling legal principles."

Meza, 611 S.W.3d at 388 (footnoted citations omitted).

A trial court's denial of a pre-trial motion to dismiss is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. See Williams v. State, 464 S.W.2d 842, 844-45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971); Getts v. State, 156 S.W.3d 593, 594 (Tex. App.-Tyler 2003), aff'd, 155 S.W.3d 153 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Any legal components of the trial court's decision are reviewed de novo. State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d 818, 821 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999); see also Walker v. State, 201 S.W.3d 841, 845 (Tex. App.-Waco 2006, pet. ref'd) ("We conduct a de novo review of the legal question of whether there has been compliance with the requirements of the IAD.").

The IADA is a congressionally sanctioned compact between participating states that enables a party state to obtain custody of an out-of-state prisoner for prosecution. Hopper v. State, 520 S.W.3d 915, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); Davila v. State, 623 S.W.3d 1, 7, (Tex. App.-Austin 2020, pet. ref'd). The IADA imposes duties that ensure a prisoner's quick...