In re T.V.T.

675 S.W.3d 303

In the MATTER OF T.V.T.

No. 22-0388

Supreme Court of Texas.

OPINION DELIVERED: September 8, 2023

Allison M. Collins, Kimbra Kathryn Ogg, Andrew Figliuzzi, Patricia McLean, Jessica Alane Caird, for Petitioner The State of Texas.

Stephen D. Jackson, Conroe, for Respondent T., T. V.

PER CURIAM

This case concerns whether the State must prove that the victim did not consent in order to show that a child under the age of fourteen had the requisite intent to commit aggravated sexual assault of another child under fourteen. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B), (2)(B). The court of appeals answered that question yes, but the statutory text forecloses that result. We therefore reverse the court of appeals’ judgment and remand to that court for further proceedings.

The State alleged that T.V.T. committed aggravated sexual assault under Section 22.021(a)(1)(B)(ii), (2)(B) of the Texas Penal Code by "intentionally and knowingly caus[ing] the penetration of the mouth of [the complainant,] a person younger than fourteen years of age, with the sexual organ of [T.V.T.]." At the time of the offense, T.V.T. was thirteen years old and the complainant was twelve. After the State filed its petition, T.V.T. filed an application for a writ of habeas corpus, a motion for summary judgment, a motion to quash the State's petition, and a motion to dismiss the petition. In each motion, T.V.T. argued that he did not commit aggravated sexual assault because, as a child under fourteen, he did not have the legal capacity to consent to sex. His amended application for a writ of habeas corpus argued that Section 22.021 is unconstitutional as applied.

The trial court denied each motion and T.V.T.’s habeas corpus application. T.V.T. then stipulated to the evidence,¹ agreed to the prosecutor's recommended disposition, and pleaded "true" to the charge. The trial court found that T.V.T. had engaged in delinquent conduct and entered the agreed-upon disposition, which, among other terms, placed T.V.T. on probation until he turned eighteen and required that he receive sex-offender treatment. The trial court deferred sex-offender registration on the condition that T.V.T. successfully complete that treatment.

T.V.T. appealed his adjudication.² The court of appeals reversed the trial court's adjudication order and rendered judgment dismissing the case with prejudice, holding that the trial court erred in denying T.V.T.’s motion to quash the petition. 651 S.W.3d 1, 6–7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019). The court of appeals relied on this Court's opinion in In re B.W. , 313 S.W.3d 818, 826 (Tex. 2010), which held that children under fourteen may not be prosecuted for prostitution because they lack the legal capacity to consent to sex. The court of appeals held that this same rationale applied to aggravated sexual assault and that T.V.T. therefore could not have committed aggravated sexual assault as a matter of law. 651 S.W.3d at 5–7. A concurring opinion argued that it would create an absurd result to hold that children under fourteen can be prosecuted for consensually engaging in the statutorily prohibited conduct when consent is an available defense for certain cases involving older children. See id. at 7 (Spain, J., concurring).

The State filed a motion for en banc reconsideration. Shortly thereafter, this Court decided State v. R.R.S. , in which we held that juveniles under fourteen are legally capable of committing aggravated sexual assault. 597 S.W.3d 835, 842–43 (Tex. 2020). As we noted in that opinion, aggravated sexual assault, unlike prostitution, does not require the accused to have reached any agreement with the other person. See id. at 842. All that is required is that the accused either intentionally or knowingly engaged in the prohibited conduct; or, as the Penal Code defines "intentionally" and "knowingly," that the accused had a "conscious objective or desire to engage in the conduct or cause the result" or was "aware of the nature of his conduct or ... that his conduct is reasonably certain to cause the result." Id. at 841 (quoting TEX. PENAL CODE § 6.03(a), (b) ).

In February 2022, T.V.T. turned eighteen, thus ending his probation. The next month, the court of appeals issued a supplemental opinion.³ 2022 WL 906143 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Mar. 29, 2022). The court of appeals again ruled in favor of T.V.T., finding two grounds for distinguishing this case from R.R.S. First, the court reasoned that consent, while not a defense, can inform whether T.V.T. had the requisite intent to commit aggravated sexual assault.⁴ The court therefore concluded that T.V.T. did not have the opportunity to present "contrary record evidence" regarding consent in this case. Second, the court stated that, when both the accused and the complainant are under fourteen years old and close in age, it is not always clear which person is the offender and which is the victim. According to the court of appeals, the record indicated that T.V.T. was both an offender and a victim and that this case was therefore unlike R.R.S.

The question before us is whether the victim's consent may inform the determination of the accused's mens rea under Section 22.021(a)(1)(B), (2)(B) when both the accused and the complainant are under fourteen and close in age. T.V.T.’s probation has ended, however, so we must first determine whether this case presents a justiciable controversy. "[A] court cannot decide a case that has become moot during the pendency of the litigation," Heckman v. Williamson County , 369 S.W.3d 137, 162 (Tex. 2012), because "[a]ny ruling on the merits of a moot issue constitutes an advisory opinion, which we lack jurisdiction to issue." In re J.J.R.S. , 627 S.W.3d 211, 225 (Tex. 2021). The State argues that the end of T.V.T.’s probation does not make this case moot. T.V.T. does not argue to the contrary. The court of appeals did not address mootness.

We agree with the State that this case continues to present a live controversy.

A juvenile's appeal of his adjudication is not moot simply because his disposition has ended when, as in this case, potential collateral consequences remain. See Carrillo v. State , 480 S.W.2d 612, 617 (Tex. 1972). For example, as the State notes, T.V.T. is not eligible for automatic sealing of his juvenile records. See TEX. FAM. CODE § 58.253(b)(2). The State also points to the juvenile court's discretion to require sex-offender registration regardless of whether T.V.T. successfully completed sex-offender treatment. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. art. 62.352(c). These potential collateral consequences suffice to sustain a live controversy.

The fact that the State is the party seeking review does not change the analysis. The State may seek this Court's review of the court of appeals’ decision, see TEX. FAM. CODE § 56.01(a), and the potential collateral consequences mean that a live controversy exists regardless of which party seeks review. See, e.g., Pennsylvania v. Mimms , 434 U.S. 106, 108 n.3, 98 S.Ct. 330, 54 L.Ed.2d 331 (1977) ("If the prospect of the State's visiting such collateral consequences on a criminal defendant who has served his sentence is a sufficient burden as to enable him to seek reversal of a decision affirming his conviction, the prospect of the State's inability to impose such a burden following a reversal of the conviction of a criminal defendant in its own courts must likewise be sufficient to enable the State to obtain review of its claims on the merits here.").⁵

We therefore proceed to the merits. Under the version of the statute in effect at the relevant time, "[a] person commits an offense" if that person "intentionally or knowingly ... causes the penetration of the mouth of a child by the sexual organ of the actor" and "the victim is younger than 14 years of age[.]" TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(ii), (2)(B).⁶ As R.R.S. and B.W. both recognized, the victim's consent is not a defense under this provision. See R.R.S. , 597 S.W.3d at 842 (noting that, "if the other person is younger than fourteen, the accused cannot assert any consent-based defenses, and the offense is elevated to an aggravated sexual assault"); B.W. , 313 S.W.3d at 821 (noting that the Legislature "unequivocally remov[ed] the defense of consent to sexual assault" for children under fourteen).⁷ Nor does a child's inability to legally consent to sex prevent that child from developing the mens rea necessary for aggravated sexual assault of another child. See R.R.S. , 597 S.W.3d at 842.

The court of appeals nonetheless suggested that, while not a permissible defense, the victim's consent is still relevant because "it can be considered informative" of Section 22.021(a)(1)(B) ’s mens rea requirement: that the accused must have engaged in the prohibited conduct "intentionally" or "knowingly."⁸ The Legislature's choice to prohibit the use of the victim's consent as a defense, however, does not permit us to import the victim's consent into the mens rea analysis.⁹ Such a rule would circumvent the Legislature's exclusion of a consent defense for engaging in the prohibited conduct with children under fourteen.¹⁰

Nor does Section 22.021(a)(1)(B), (2)(B) leave any room for the judicial creation of a proximity-in-age exception. The plain text covers conduct between children who both are under fourteen, and the statutory context confirms that the Legislature intended to prohibit the specified conduct and to deem it delinquent even between children close in age. After all, the Legislature has expressly created age-similarity defenses for other sexual offenses, but not for aggravated sexual assault. See, e.g. , TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.011(e)(2) (establishing an affirmative defense for sexual assault in cases in which the victim was fourteen or older, the actor was not prohibited under certain statutory provisions from marrying or engaging in sexual intercourse with the victim, "the actor was not more than three years older than the victim," and, at...