Jackson v. Sanders

299 Ga. 332

788 S.E.2d 387

Jackson

v.Sanders.

S15G1896

Supreme Court of Georgia.

Decided: July 5, 2016

Rebecca Crumrine Rieder, Hannibal Frank Heredia, Hedgepeth, Heredia, Crumrine & Morrison LLC, Sidney Leighton Moore, III, The Moore Law Firm, P.C., James Darren Summerville, Angela Rene Fox, The Summerville Firm, LLC, for Appellant.

Divida Gude, Divida Gude, LLC, for Appellee.

HUNSTEIN, Justice.

We granted certiorari in this child support modification action to consider the construction of a particular provision of our child support statute, OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B), and its application in the context of the facts presented below. This provision is addressed to modification proceedings in which a parent “fails to produce reliable evidence of income,” thus impeding the trial court's ability to fairly and reasonably calculate and allocate the parties' respective child support obligations. We agree with the Court of Appeals that it was within the trial court's discretion to apply OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B) but that doing so required the court to utilize the increment prescribed thereunder—an “increase ... of at least 10 percent per year of [the obligor's] gross income”—in calculating the modified support obligation. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

In November 2001, Appellant Doug Jackson (“Father”) and Appellee Lisa Sanders (“Mother”) divorced in Florida. The final judgment and decree of divorce required Father to pay Mother $1,005 per month for the support of their infant son, based on Father's then-current annual salary of $250,000. Subsequently, both parties relocated to the Atlanta area, and a decree was entered in Cobb Superior Court in 2007, incorporating the same child support requirement.

Subsequently, Father moved for modification of custody and child support, and Mother counterclaimed, seeking an upward modification of child support. The trial court held a bench trial in March 2014 and thereafter entered a final order granting Mother's motion for directed verdict on the custody modification and granting Mother's request for an upward modification of child support. Regarding child support, the trial court found that Father “was not forthcoming with proof of his gross income and did not provide sufficient information to determine his gross income.” Specifically, the trial court found that the evidence Father presented was by turns incomplete, inconsistent, inaccurate, and not credible. Accordingly, the court determined that it was proper to apply OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B), which provides:

When cases with established orders are reviewed for modification and a parent fails to produce reliable evidence of income, such as tax returns for prior years, check stubs, or other information for determining current ability to pay child support or ability to pay child support in prior years, and the court or jury has no other reliable evidence of such parent's income or income potential, the court or jury may increase the child support of the parent failing or refusing to produce evidence of income by an increment of at least 10 percent per year of such parent's gross income for each year since the final child support order was entered or last modified and shall calculate the basic child support obligation using the increased amount as such parent's gross income.

Having found that Father had failed to produce reliable evidence of his income, the court looked to the undisputed evidence that Father's annual income at the time of the original 2001 child support order was $250,000 and imputed an increase of 4% per year for each of the 13 years since then, to arrive at a current imputed annual income of $380,000. Using this number, together with the undisputed evidence of Mother's annual income and certain other undisputed amounts from the child support worksheet, the trial court calculated Father's child support obligation at $3,994 per month.

On appeal, the Court of Appeals, in a divided whole court opinion, vacated and remanded on this issue.¹ The Court of Appeals' three-judge plurality—joined by one additional judge, who concurred in judgment only—concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Father had failed to produce reliable evidence of his gross income and in thus resorting to OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B). Jackson v. Sanders , 333 Ga.App. 544, 773 S.E.2d 835 (2015). The plurality also held, however, that “once the trial court exercised its discretion and chose to apply OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B), it failed to calculate [Father's] income as mandated by that statute.” Id. at 553, 773 S.E.2d 835. Specifically, it held:

[T]he trial court erred by only applying a four percent incremental increase to calculate [Father's] child-support obligation. Suffice it to say, the application of OCGA § 19–6–15(f) (4) (B) undoubtedly results in an extremely harsh penalty for parents who fail to produce reliable evidence of their incomes. But when the language of a statute is “plain and susceptible to only one natural and reasonable construction, courts must construe the statute accordingly.” And OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B) plainly provides that when a parent fails to produce reliable evidence of his or her gross income, the trial court has the discretion to determine whether such a Draconian penalty is warranted.

Id. at 553–554, 773 S.E.2d 835. The appellate court therefore vacated the child support award and remanded for the trial court “to consider whether the application of OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B) is still warranted, and if so, to recalculate [Father's] child-support obligation using the formula set forth in that statute.” Id. at 554, 773 S.E.2d 835. The dissent, on the other hand, opined that, because Father had adduced some reliable evidence of his income, OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B) was inapplicable, and the trial court should simply have used its enlightened judgment to calculate Father's gross income based on the evidence that was before it. Id. at 563–565, 773 S.E.2d 835.

We granted certiorari to address the proper construction and application of OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B). We consider questions of statutory construction under a de novo standard of review. Hankla v. Postell , 293 Ga. 692, 693, 749 S.E.2d 726 (2013). Once we have construed the statute, however, we must, in determining its proper application, defer to the trial court's credibility determinations and uphold its factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. Autrey v. Autrey , 288 Ga. 283, 702 S.E.2d 878 (2010).

Under our well-established rules of statutory construction, we

presume that the General Assembly meant what it said and said what it meant. To that end, we must afford the statutory text its plain and ordinary meaning, we must view the statutory text in the context in which it appears, and we must read the statutory text in its most natural and reasonable way, as an ordinary speaker of the English language would.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Deal v. Coleman , 294 Ga. 170, 172–173, 751 S.E.2d 337 (2013). In our interpretation of statutes, we thus look to the text of the provision in question and its context within the larger legal framework to discern the intent of the legislature in enacting it. See id. ; OCGA § 1–3–1 (a), (b).

The first clause of OCGA § 19–6–15 (f) (4) (B) makes clear that it applies only in child support modification actions. The text goes on to create two conditions precedent to the applicability of the provision: (1) a parent's failure to produce “reliable evidence of income” and (2) the absence of any other “reliable evidence of such parent's income or income potential.” Id. The text provides a non-exhaustive list of examples of the types of evidence that might serve the purpose of establishing the parent's income—tax returns and check stubs—and specifies that what is sought is information regarding the parent's current or past ability to pay child support. Id. If these two conditions precedent are met, the text provides, the trier of fact “may” resort to the remedy of “increas[ing] the child support of th[at] parent ... by an increment of at least 10 percent per year of such parent's gross income for each year” since the last child support order was entered and “shall” calculate the modified support amount utilizing this increment. Id.

We first address the question of whether application of the prescribed increment—“at least 10 percent per year of such parent's gross income”—is required or merely authorized once the conditions precedent have been met. In isolation, the provision itself is less than clear on this point, because it first states that the trier of fact “may” utilize the prescribed increment but goes on to provide that the trier “shall” calculate the modified child support obligation using this amount. Notable in this regard is the phrasing of the subsection immediately preceding OCGA § 19–6–15 ...