Kania v. State

280 Ga. App. 356

634 S.E.2d 146

KANIA v. The STATE.

No. A06A0667.

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

July 10, 2006.

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Beverly Harris, Blairsville, for appellant.

N. Stanley Gunter, District Attorney, for appellee.

ADAMS, Judge.

Donald Allen Kania appeals the trial court's denial of his motion for new trial following his conviction on one count of manufacturing marijuana. We affirm.

"On appeal from a criminal conviction, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, and the defendant no longer enjoys the presumption of innocence." (Citation omitted.) Hill v. State, 276 Ga.App. 874, 625 S.E.2d 108 (2005). Viewed in that light, the evidence shows that in May 2002, Kania purchased hydroponic growing equipment from a store in Athens, which was then the subject of an investigation by federal and state authorities. Kania was identified through his license tag number and a Georgia Bureau of Investigation agent forwarded this information to Agent Fran Foster of the Appalachian Drug Task Force in Union County, where Kania lived. Foster investigated Kania, even making a pretextual visit to his house, but did not discover any evidence of illegal activity.

A few months later, the Union County Sheriff's Office was notified of a domestic dispute at the Kania home. When Deputy Sheriff Tim Wood arrived, he overheard a conversation between Kania's wife, Peggy, and her sister. The sister was urging Peggy to show the officer what was on a computer disk. Deputy Wood asked Peggy what was on the disk, and she said there were photographs of marijuana plants. She later gave the deputy permission to search the house and led him to a hidden room in the basement, which contained equipment which Deputy Wood believed was consistent with a hydroponic growing lab. Although the room contained no marijuana plants, the deputy observed what he believed to be marijuana residue on the floor. He then notified Agent Foster. This residue was later identified by the state crime lab as marijuana.

Agent Foster, who had continued surveillance on Kania, arrived on the scene and spoke with Peggy. After Agent Foster read Peggy her Miranda rights, Peggy signed a consent waiver allowing Foster to search the basement/garage area of the home. Agent Foster searched the hidden room and observed equipment and chemicals consistent with hydroponic cultivation, as well as marijuana residue. Peggy also directed police to a burn pile, where Agent Foster located a burned stalk that she believed, based upon her drug-specific training, was consistent with a marijuana stalk.

Kania was placed under arrest for manufacturing marijuana and taken to the police station where Agent Foster met with him. After the agent read Kania his Miranda rights, Kania signed a written waiver of rights form. Kania then told the agent that he had been growing marijuana for his own personal use because he did not want to buy it on the streets. He said that he smoked marijuana for medical reasons in connection with a work-related spinal injury. He conceded that Peggy smoked a little marijuana but stated that she was not involved in the growing process. He also said that he had removed the plants about one month earlier and burned them in the yard after he got the feeling that he was being watched by police. Kania signed a written statement admitting that he had grown marijuana.

At trial, however, both Kania and his wife, Peggy, denied that he had grown marijuana. Instead, they stated that he had used the hydroponic equipment to grow vegetables to feed their pet skunks.

1. Kania first asserts that the trial court erred in admitting his custodial statement because he contends that he made the statement under duress. "To make a confession admissible, it must have been made voluntarily, without being induced by another by the slightest hope of benefit or remotest fear of injury." OCGA § 24-3-50.

Kania testified at the Jackson v. Denno¹ hearing that police told him that his wife would be arrested if he did not confess. He said that he made his statement to police to prevent his wife from going to jail and to save his marriage. Peggy also testified that she was threatened with arrest if she did not cooperate with police, and that she told Kania in a telephone call that she would be arrested if he did not confess.

Agent Foster acknowledged that Kania told her at the police station that he was making the statement to keep Peggy out of jail. But she told Kania at the time that Peggy was not going to be arrested, and that she had no plans to pursue her. The agent also denied ever telling Peggy that she was going to be arrested.² Thus, according to Agent Foster, Kania was aware at the time of his statement that Peggy was not in danger of arrest. Based upon this testimony, which the judge stated he found "more credible," the trial judge determined that Kania's statement was freely and voluntarily given.

To allow the admission of a custodial statement, a trial court must consider the totality of the circumstances and be satisfied by a preponderance of the evidence that the statement was freely and voluntarily given. Ruffin v. State, 263 Ga.App. 618, 619(2), 588 S.E.2d 802 (2003). And this Court must accept the trial court's determination that Kania's statement was voluntary unless that decision was clearly erroneous:

When a trial judge has made a determination as to the voluntariness of a confession after a suppression hearing, such determination must be accepted by the appellate courts unless his decision is clearly erroneous. Likewise, factual determinations and credibility relating to the admissibility of a confession will be upheld on appeal unless clearly erroneous.

(Footnote omitted.) Burdette v. State, 251 Ga.App. 30, 31(1), 553 S.E.2d 340 (2001). Because Agent Foster's testimony supported the trial court's determination that Kania's statement was voluntary, we cannot say that the ruling was clearly erroneous. Escutia v. State, 277 Ga. 400, 402, 589 S.E.2d 66 (2003).

2. Kania next contends that the trial court erred in allowing Agent Foster to refer to his invocation of the right to remain silent. The agent testified that she advised Kania of his Miranda rights, and then asked if he wanted to make any statements. She then said that "he declined [to make] any statements." Kania's attorney did not pose an objection, but shortly afterward, the trial judge stopped proceedings and sent the jury out. Although the judge stated that he would have given curative instructions in response to a motion, Kania's attorney stated "at this point, I don't want to bring that subject up again."

"It has been held to be fundamentally unfair to simultaneously afford a suspect a constitutional right to silence following arrest and yet allow the implications of that silence to be used against him for either substantive or impeachment purposes. [Cits.]" Gordon v. State, 250 Ga.App. 80, 82, 550 S.E.2d 131 (2001). But to reverse Kania's conviction, "`the evidence of the defendant's election to remain silent must point directly at the substance of the defendant's defense or otherwise substantially prejudice the defendant in the eyes of the jury.' (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Taylor v. State, 272 Ga. 559, 561(2)(d), 532 S.E.2d 395 (2000)." Cornelius v. State, 273 Ga.App. 806, 809(2)(a), 616 S.E.2d 148 (2005).

Thus, not every reference to a defendant's invocation of the right to remain silent entitles a defendant to a reversal. Instead,

the error may be found to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. The determination of harmless error must be made on a case by case basis, taking into consideration the facts, the trial context of the error, and the prejudice created thereby as juxtaposed against the strength of the evidence of defendant's guilt.

( Footnote omitted.) Crenshaw v. State, 272 Ga.App. 350, 354, 612 S.E.2d 539 (2005).

Here, Agent Foster made the statement gratuitously and not in response to a specific question. The state made no effort to highlight the statement for the jury or to suggest any inference that could be drawn from Kania's invocation of his rights. After several more questions, the court removed the jury from the courtroom, but no further reference was made to the officer's improper statement. Accordingly, "analyzing the comment in context, it is very unlikely to have had any impact on the jury's determination of guilt." Brewer v. Hall, 278 Ga. 511, 514(3), 603 S.E.2d 244 (2004). And the evidence at trial, while not overwhelming, was strong, when juxtaposed with the likely impact of Agent Foster's offhand statement. We find, therefore, that the statement was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.³ Id.

3. Kania next takes issue with Agent Foster's use of the phrase "arrest record" in her testimony and to the trial court's denial of his motion for a mistrial on this ground. Agent Foster stated that after asking Kania to sign a waiver of rights form, the two began discussing his background, "basically, an arrest record that I did." Kania's attorney objected and, after the jury was removed, moved for a mistrial. The trial judge did not grant the motion, but instead admonished the witness not to use that language and later gave the jury curative instructions. He told the jurors that Agent Foster "did not mean to intimate in any manner anything that might relate to the history of this defendant" and directed them to disregard the word "arrest" in her testimony.

A passing reference to a defendant's record does not place his character in evidence. Roebuck v. State, 277 Ga. 200, 205(5), 586 S.E.2d 651 (2003); Zellner v. State, 260 Ga. 749, 751(3)(b), 399 S.E.2d 206 (1991). Agent Foster did not specifically state that Kania had a prior arrest record. Rather, her statement, though ambiguous, referred to a record that she prepared at the time of his arrest in this case, not to Kania's history. We find that this testimony...