Maher v. Northland Grp.

JENNIFER MAHER,on behalf of herself and those similarly situated, Plaintiff, v. NORTHLAND GROUP, INC.and JOHN DOES 1 TO 10, Defendants.

Civ. No. 17-2957 (KM) (JBC)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW JERSEY

March 19, 2020

OPINION and ORDER

KEVIN MCNULTY, U.S.D.J.:

Defendant Northland Group, Inc., by this motion (DE 62), seeks reconsideration of this Court's opinion (DE 60) and order (DE 61) denying its motion to compel arbitration (DE 44) of the claims brought against it by plaintiff Jennifer Maher.¹ For the following reasons, the motion is DENIED. I write for the parties and do not repeat my prior analysis; familiarity with the matter is assumed.

The standards governing a motion for reconsideration are well settled. See generally D.N.J. Loc. Civ. R. 7.1(i). Reconsideration is an "extraordinary remedy," to be granted "sparingly." NL Indus. Inc. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 935 F. Supp. 513, 516 (D.N.J. 1996). Generally, reconsideration is granted in three scenarios: (1) when there has been an intervening change in the law; (2) when new evidence has become available; or (3) when necessary to correct a clear error of law or to prevent manifest injustice. See N. River Ins. Co. v. CIGNA Reinsurance Co., 52 F.3d 1194, 1218 (3d Cir. 1995); Carmichael v. Everson, No. 3-4787, 2004 WL 1587894 at *1 (D.N.J. May 21, 2004). Local Rule 7.1(i) requires such a motion to specifically identify "the matter or controllingdecisions which the party believes the Judge or Magistrate Judge has overlooked." Id.; see also Egloff v. N.J. Air Nat'l Guard, 684 F. Supp. 1275, 1279 (D.N.J. 1988). Evidence or arguments that were available at the time of the original decision will not support a motion for reconsideration. Damiano v. Sony Music Entm't, Inc., 975 F. Supp. 623, 636 (D.N.J. 1997); see also N. River Ins. Co., 52 F.3d at 1218; Bapu Corp. v. Choice Hotels Int'l, Inc., No. 7-5938, 2010 WL 5418972 at *4 (D.N.J. Dec. 23, 2010) (citing P. Schoenfeld Asset Mgmt. LLC v. Cendant Corp., 161 F. Supp. 2d 349, 352 (D.N.J. 2001)).

In support of its motion, Northland alleges the following errors:

A. The Court Improperly Based its Conclusion on Northland's Purported Lack of Credibility

B. The Court Improperly Placed the Burden on Northland to Pursue Third-Party Discovery

C. The Court Misapplied the Hoxworth² Factors

1. The Court Erred In Calculating The Purported "Delay" To Be Twenty-Two Months

2. The Court Improperly Discounts Northland's Well-Pleaded Defense of Arbitration

3. The Court Adds Undue Weight to the Fourth and Fifth Hoxworth Factors Based on the Purported Extent of the Alleged Delay

4. The Court's Analysis of the Extent of Discovery Conducted is Erroneous

D. The Court Failed to Consider the Card Agreement's "No Waiver" Provision

(DE 62-2 at 6-18). For the following reasons, none of these claims concern evidence that was not available or improperly addressed in the prior opinion. Nor has there been manifest injustice or an intervening change in the law.

A. Reliance on Northland's credibility

By concluding that the opinion improperly made credibility determinations, (DE 62-2 at 6-7) Northland misinterprets the opinion, because those findings arose from the fact-intensive waiver-by-litigation analysis required in this Circuit. See Ehleiter v. Grapetree Shores, Inc., 482 F.3d 207, 217 (3d Cir. 2007).

In fact, the opinion does not assess the credibility of Northland's evidence on the merits. Instead, the analysis focuses on Northland's litigation conduct with respect to the Hoxworth analysis—namely the timeliness of the motion to compel arbitration and the notice afforded to Maher of Northland's intention to invoke arbitration. (DE 60 at 10-14). Such an analysis is precisely what Hoxworth requires:

The issue of whether a party has waived arbitration by litigation conduct is presumptively one to be decided by the court, not the arbitrator. . . Litigation conduct, of course, generally cannot be ascertained from the face of the complaint, as it consists primarily of matters occurring thereafter. . . .

Waiver of arbitration by litigation conduct is primarily a question of prejudice, which is assessed in light of a number of factors . . . .

(DE 60 at 5-6 (citing Ehleiter, 482 F.3d at 217-23)).

Because these determinations were based primarily on matters of procedural history and occurred within the context of the Hoxworth analysis, it was not improper to consider Northland's litigation conduct that demonstrated its implied waiver of arbitrability.

B. "Burdening" Northland with third-party discovery

In attacking the opinion's observation that Northland could have obtained the cardholder agreement at any time and applying an overly formalistic interpretation of the litigation-by-waiver doctrine, the company again misunderstands the upshot of the opinion:

The Court's finding that Northland had the ability to obtain this information - and that it presumably was in a better position to obtain it than Plaintiff herself -- is not supported by the record. . . .

Nor does the Court's view reflect the realities of the consumer finance and debt collection industries, in which privacy laws and concerns limit the records that creditors may provide voluntarily. Similarly unfounded is the Court's conclusion that creditors "ha[ve] every reason to cooperate" with such requests, which assumes that creditors are willing to participate voluntarily in third-party litigation and to bear the cost and expense of complying with both informal document requests and subpoenas. There was no support in the record for this conclusion. Moreover, logic dictates that non-party creditors (such as DSNB) instead would be reluctant to voluntarily provide account information for every account they refer out for collection. Accordingly, the Court's conclusion is not supported by the facts in the record, and does not correlate with the realities of Northland's business practices.

(DE 62-2 at 7-8).

The fact is that none of these barriers presented themselves. Northland was able to obtain the agreement, privacy laws apparently did not limit the records that DSNB could provide, and Maher's creditor revealed itself to be willing and able to cooperate with Northland's discovery request. Finally, logic does not dictate that creditors would be reluctant to provide account information for every account they refer to collection. It is not unreasonable to expect a creditor to provide its agent with the contract on which it seeks to recover. Assigning a matter for collection cannot be a means of shielding the very information on which the entitlement depends.

C. The Hoxworth factors

1. Calculating the twenty-two-month delay

Northland argues that it was error to attribute to it the entire the twenty-two-month delay between filing the complaint and subpoenaing DSNB. (DE 62-2 at 10-11). But that is not the case. The opinion clearly notes that the delay attributable to Northland—substantial nonetheless—was not the entire twenty-two-month period between the complaint and the motion to compel arbitration:

On August 9, 2017, Northland served discovery requests on the plaintiff, requesting documents relating to the credit card account, including account statements and card agreements. On January 17, 2018, the plaintiff responded that she did not possess relevantdocuments. Over the ensuing year, in letters and conferences, the plaintiff repeated that she did not possess responsive documents. . . . I do not find it implausible that a person would not have maintained copies of cardholder agreements.

Eventually, on January 9, 2019, Northland got around to subpoenaing DSNB for the cardholder account agreements. DSNB responded six days later with copies of, inter alia, the relevant Arbitration Agreement. This production, says Northland, "reveals" the existence of the agreement. Days later, on January 19, 2019, Northland filed its motion to compel.

(DE 60 at 10-11 (footnotes and citations omitted)). The opinion further notes that Northland itself did not produce the cardholder agreement in response to Maher's similar discovery request. (DE 11).

In any event, the twelve-month period between when Northland learned that Maher did not have the agreement and when it finally subpoenaed the same from its principal are entirely attributable to Northland. And twelve months still dwarfs the acceptable delay periods cited in Ehleiter and this Court's prior opinion. 482 F.3d at 223 (citing Palcko v. Airborne Express, Inc., 372 F.3d 588, 598 (3d Cir. 2004) (38 days); Wood v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 207 F.3d 674, 680 (3d Cir. 2000) (1½ months); PaineWebber Inc. v. Faragalli, 61 F.3d 1063, 1069 (3d Cir. 1995) (two months); Gavlik Constr. Co. H.F. Campbell Co., 526 F.2d 777, 783-84 (3d Cir. 1975) (defendant moved for stay pending arbitration "immediately" after removing the action to federal court)); see also (DE 60 at 8 (citing same)). Accordingly, the calculation of the delay attributable to Northland was not erroneous.

2. Northland's plea of arbitration as an affirmative defense

Northland takes issue with the opinion's characterization that its affirmative defense of arbitration resembles boilerplate language. (DE 62-2 at 11-12). Indeed, Northland now argues that "courts in the Third Circuit have recognized that disclosing arbitration as a defense is an effective means of satisfying this factor." (DE 62-2 at 11). It further argues that the opinion focused too closely on the plausibility requirement of Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) at thecost of the "fair notice of the issue involved" standard that Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(c) imposes on affirmative defenses.

But that argument misses the mark. As the opinion explains, the issue is not whether Northland plausibly alleged the existence of an arbitration agreement but that the sheer volume of its affirmative defenses (twenty-one in total)³ drowned out the significance of each individual one. In other words, even though Northland pled, among many other things, "arbitration," Maher was...