Mannion & Mannion, Inc. v. Mendez

355 Ga.App. 28

842 S.E.2d 334

MANNION & MANNION, INC.

v.MENDEZ.

A20A0452

Court of Appeals of Georgia.

April 24, 2020

Hall Booth Smith, N. Daniel Lovein, Steven P. Bristol, for appellant.

Merritt & Grinstead, C. Nathaniel Merritt, Leonard M. Grinstead, for appellee.

Markle, Judge.

After Jesus Mendez was injured in an accident while riding his motorcycle, he sued the driver of the car that struck him, Loren Blunkall, and Blunkall's employer, Mannion & Mannion, Inc. (M&M), asserting vicarious liability claims against M&M. The trial court denied M&M's motion for summary judgment, and certified the order for immediate appeal. This Court granted the interlocutory appeal, and this appeal followed. Because we conclude that there were no genuine issues of material fact with respect to whether Blunkall was acting in the scope of his employment with M&M at the time of the accident, the trial court erred in denying summary judgment. We therefore reverse the trial court's order.

In order to prevail on a motion for summary judgment under OCGA § 9-11-56, [M&M], as the moving party, must show that there exists no genuine issue of material fact, and that the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, demand judgment as a matter of law. Moreover, on appeal from the denial or grant of summary judgment the appellate court is to conduct a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there exists a genuine issue of material fact, and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) In/Ex Systems v. Masud , 352 Ga. App. 722, 723 (2), 835 S.E.2d 799 (2019). Additionally, we look to the

well-established rules governing circumstantial and direct evidence on summary judgment. Circumstantial evidence can be described as evidence which does not constitute direct proof with regard to the issue of fact or the hypothesis sought to be proven by the evidence; rather, circumstantial evidence constitutes proof of other facts consistent with the hypothesis claimed. Generally, in passing upon a motion for summary judgment, a finding of fact which may be inferred but is not demanded by circumstantial evidence has no probative value against positive and uncontradicted evidence that no such fact exists. ... Circumstantial evidence ... may be sufficient for a plaintiff's claim to survive summary judgment, if other theories are shown to be less probable. There is no requirement that other theories be conclusively excluded.

(Citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted.) Patterson v. Kevon, LLC , 304 Ga. 232, 236, 818 S.E.2d 575 (2018).

So viewed, the evidence shows that, in March 2016, Blunkall worked for M&M as a mechanic. Blunkall was an hourly employee with no set lunch period, and he often went to lunch with a co-worker who lived across the street from M&M's lot. Before he would leave for lunch, he would tell the other employees working in the office that he and his co-worker were headed to lunch. Although M&M had a time clock, Blunkall did not always clock in and out for lunch.

On the day of the accident, other M&M employees heard Blunkall say he was leaving for lunch. As he left M&M's lot to go to lunch with his co-worker, and pulled into the intersection, Blunkall struck Mendez's motorcycle, knocking Mendez off the bike and injuring him.

The car Blunkall was driving belonged to his girlfriend. He was not on the phone at the time of the accident, although he made a brief phone call to a parts distributor for M&M about thirty minutes prior to the accident. The part he ordered was to be delivered to M&M. Blunkall was aware of two prior instances where someone from M&M called him during his lunch break and asked him to run an errand on his way back to work. On this day, however, no one had called or otherwise asked him to run an errand for M&M during or on the way back from lunch. Blunkall was not paid for the hours he missed due to the accident.

Following the accident, Mendez sued Blunkall for negligence, adding M&M as a defendant under a theory of vicarious liability. M&M moved for summary judgment, arguing that it could not be liable because Blunkall was not acting in the scope of his employment at the time of the accident.¹ Following a hearing, the trial court denied the motion, but certified its order for immediate review. We granted interlocutory review, and this appeal followed.

In its sole enumeration of error, M&M argues that the trial court erred in denying its summary judgment motion because all of the evidence showed that Blunkall was on his lunch break and not running an errand for M&M at the time of the accident, and therefore it could not be vicariously liable for Blunkall's alleged negligence. We agree.

It is well settled that an employer is liable for the negligent or intentional torts committed by its employees in the scope of employment. OCGA § 51-2-2. As we have explained,

[w]hen a servant causes an injury to another, the test to determine if the master is liable is whether or not the servant was at the time of the injury acting within the scope of his employment and on the business of the master. Where a tort occurs while an employee has stepped aside from his employer's business to do an act entirely disconnected from that business, the employer has no liability. As such, Georgia courts have consistently held that where an employee takes a break for lunch and is not otherwise engaged in his employer's business, the employee is on a purely personal mission.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Matheson v. Braden , 310 Ga. App. 585, 586-587, 713 S.E.2d 723 (2011) ; see also Gassaway v. Precon Corp. , 280 Ga. App. 351, 352-353, 634 S.E.2d 153 (2006).

In other words,

to hold a master liable for a tort committed by his servant, it must appear that at the time of the injury the servant was engaged in the master's business and not upon some private and personal matter of his own; that is, the injury must have been inflicted in the course of the servant's employment. The test is not that the act of the servant was done during the existence of the employment, but whether the servant was at that time serving the master.

(Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis in original.) Farzaneh v. Merit Constr. Co. Inc. , 309 Ga. App. 637, 639, 710 S.E.2d 839 (2011). Generally, vicarious liability is a question for the jury, but a trial court may resolve the issue as a matter of law when the evidence "is so plain and undisputable." Id. Moreover, although circumstantial evidence may preclude summary judgment, "[s]ummary judgment cannot be avoided based on speculation and conjecture." Cowart v. Widener , 287 Ga. 622, 633 (3) (c), 697 S.E.2d 779 (2010). And, "[a]lthough the plaintiff is entitled to the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence, such inferences cannot be based on mere conjecture or possibility or upon evidence which is too uncertain or speculative." (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Hoffman v. AC&S, Inc. , 248 Ga. App. 608, 610 (2), 548 S.E.2d 379 (2001).

Here, Blunkall was not acting within the scope of his employment at the time of the accident as a matter of law, and thus, M&M was entitled to summary judgment. Although Mendez contends that Blunkall was on his way to run an errand for M&M, specifically to pick up a part, there is no evidentiary support for that theory; it is mere speculation. Instead, the evidence showed that Blunkall was driving his own car on his way to lunch with a co-worker at the time of the accident. Both Blunkall and the co-worker testified to this; other M&M employees confirmed that Blunkall announced he was leaving for lunch; and the parts distributor testified that, although Blunkall called them to order a part shortly before the accident, the part he ordered was to be delivered and not picked up.² See Nelson v. Silver Dollar City, 249 Ga. App. 139, 145-146 (4), 547 S.E.2d 630 (2001) (employer entitled to...