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Marijuana duis: attacking the prosecution's case

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21-1
CHAPTER 21
MARIJUANA DUIS:
ATTACKING THE
PROSECUTIONโ€™S CASE
I. OVERVIEW
II. BLOOD LEVELS DO NOT PREDICT IMPAIRMENT
ยง21:01 A Fundamental Principle of Pharmacology
ยง21:02 NHTSA Reports on Marijuana
III. THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF MARIJUANA
ยง21:10 Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics
ยง21:11 Marijuana Pharmacokinetics
ยง21:12 Counterclockwise Hysteresis
ยง21:13 Do THC and Hydroxy THC Levels Indicate Recent Use?
IV. THE PHARMACODYNAMICS OF MARIJUANA
ยง21:20 Studies Showing Marijuana Impairs Driving Performance
ยง21:21 Studies Showing Marijuana Does Not Impair Driving Performance
ยง21:22 Marijuana Does Not Increase Crash Risk
V. THE NEUTRALIZING EFFECTS OF CBD ON THC
ยง21:30 There Are Numerous Cannabinoids in Marijuana
ยง21:31 THC and CBD
ยง21:32 CBD Diminishes the Effects of THC
ยง21:33 Crime Laboratories Do Not Test for CBD
VI. THC ANALYSIS BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/MS/MS
ยง21:40 Sample Preparation
ยง21:41 Injecting the Sample into the LC Column
ยง21:42 The Source
ยง21:43 The Mass Spectrometer
MARIJUANA DUIS:
ATTACKING THE
PROSECUTIONโ€™S CASE
Attacking and Defending Drunk Driving Tests 21-2
MARIJUANA DUIS:
ATTACKING THE
PROSECUTIONโ€™S CASE
ยง21:44 The Major Flaw in LC/MS/MS
VII. MARIJUANA - DRUG RECOGNITION EXAMINATION EVALUATIONS
ยง21:50 The 12 Steps of the Drug Recognition Evaluation, Purpose, and Standardization
ยง21:51 Observations During Drug Recognition Evaluation of Marijuana DUI Suspects
ยง21:52 Drug Recognition Examination โ€œValidationโ€ Studies
ยง21:53 Conclusion from Validation Studies
ยง21:54 Other Drug Recognition Examination Studies
ยง21:55 Admissibility of Drug Recognition Examination Evaluations and Opinions in Court
VIII. SAMPLE CROSS-EXAMINATION OF PROSECUTION EXPERT
ยง21:60 Introduction to the Sample Cross-Examination
ยง21:61 The Cross-Examination
IX. CONCLUSION โ€“ HOW TO CHALLENGE ANY BLOOD DRUG RESULT
ยง21:70 Slide: How to Challenge Blood Drug Results
21-3 Marijuana DUIs: Attacking The Prosecutionโ€™s Case ยง21:02
MARIJUANA DUIS:
ATTACKING THE
PROSECUTIONโ€™S CASE
I. OVERVIEW
This chapter discusses the defense of driving under
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ
of defenses to these cases, beginning with the over-
๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎“๎‹๎„๎•๎๎„๎†๎’๎๎’๎Š๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎Œ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ
๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎Œ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎–๎œ๎†๎‹๎’๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎„๎…๎Œ๎‘๎’๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎—๎„๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€๎—๎ˆ๎—๎•๎„๎‹๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎„๎…๎Œ๎‘๎’๎๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎๎๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎–๎œ๎†๎‹๎’๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎—๎„๎…๎’๎๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€”๎€๎‹๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎›๎œ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎๎—๎„๎€ƒ
๎€œ๎€๎—๎ˆ๎—๎•๎„๎‹๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎„๎…๎Œ๎‘๎’๎๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ซ๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎›๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ฑ๎˜๎๎ˆ๎•๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ
๎–๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‚ฟ๎•๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘
๎€ธ๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎“๎’๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎—๎ˆ-
๎•๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎›๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎–๎œ๎†๎‹๎’๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎ตต๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ
๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎ˆ๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎‹๎„๎•๎๎„๎†๎’๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎—๎Œ๎†๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎•๎—๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎†๎๎’๎†๎Ž-
๎š๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎†๎๎’๎†๎Ž๎š๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‹๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎›๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ
๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎€๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎ˆ-
๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎ตต๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎๎’๎š๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎†๎๎’๎†๎Ž๎š๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‹๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎Œ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎›๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎†๎˜๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎˜๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎—๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ฐ๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎„๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎„๎…๎Œ-
๎‘๎’๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎„๎…๎Œ๎‡๎Œ๎’๎๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฆ๎€ฅ๎€ง๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ
๎…๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎‹๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎„๎†๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎–๎œ๎†๎‹๎’๎—๎•๎’๎“๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎ตต๎ˆ๎†๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎„๎…๎Œ๎‘๎’๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€ฅ๎€ง๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎…๎’๎•๎„๎—๎’๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎˜๎๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎€ƒ
๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎‘๎ˆ๎˜๎—๎•๎„๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎ตต๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎€ฅ๎€ง๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎€ซ๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎›๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎€ฆ๎€’๎€ฐ๎€ถ๎€’๎€ฐ๎€ถ๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎‹๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ
๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎†๎‹๎•๎’๎๎„๎—๎’๎Š๎•๎„๎“๎‹๎œ๎€’๎๎„๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎•๎’๎๎ˆ๎—๎•๎œ๎€’๎๎„๎–๎–๎€ƒ
๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎•๎’๎๎ˆ๎—๎•๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎•๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎†๎Ž๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎‘-
๎–๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎–๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎ตถ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎‹๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎†๎˜๎•๎„๎†๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎†๎˜๎•๎„๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎€ฆ๎€’๎€ฐ๎€ถ๎€’๎€ฐ๎€ถ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ
๎š๎ˆ๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎๎˜๎๎„๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‰๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฌ๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎˜๎•๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ
๎‰๎’๎•๎๎˜๎๎„๎€ƒ๎€‹๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎ˆ๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎–๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎€ฅ๎€ง๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€ฅ๎€ง๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎–-
๎—๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎€ฆ๎€’๎€ฐ๎€ถ๎€’
๎€ฐ๎€ถ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎†๎˜๎–๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎“๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ถ๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎Œ๎—๎‰๎„๎๎๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ง๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎†๎’๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€จ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎•๎—๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎€ง๎€ต๎€จ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎—๎’๎†๎’๎๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎†๎˜๎๎Œ๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ
๎‡๎Œ๎–๎†๎˜๎–๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎„๎๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎“๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ
๎–๎„๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎’๎–๎–๎€๎ˆ๎›๎„๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ
๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎˜๎—๎‹๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎’๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
๎„๎—๎—๎’๎•๎‘๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎•๎„๎€ƒ๎€ช๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎’๎•๎‘๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎Œ๎†๎‹๎„๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎€ง๎’๎‘๎„๎๎‡๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎๎„๎๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎•๎Œ๎…๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎•๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ
๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎“๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎†๎’-
๎๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎๎๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎—๎’๎•๎‘๎ˆ๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎’๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎š๎œ๎ˆ๎•๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎œ๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎Ž๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎ˆ๎‰๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ต๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎€‘๎€ง๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ถ๎Œ๎๎“๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎”๎˜๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ
๎„๎๎†๎’๎‹๎’๎๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎•๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎†๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎„๎˜๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎•๎„๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ฐ๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎œ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ
๎€ง๎€ธ๎€ฌ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎„๎‘๎Ž๎–๎€ƒ๎€ง๎’๎†๎€‘
II. BLOOD LEVELS DO NOT PREDICT
IMPAIRMENT
ยง21:01 A Fundamental Principle of
Pharmacology
๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‰๎˜๎‘๎‡๎„๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎Œ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎‹๎„๎•๎๎„๎†๎’๎๎’๎Š๎œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎’๎–๎–๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎ตต๎ˆ๎†๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎๎“๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎’๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ
๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎Œ๎‘๎†๎Œ๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎œ๎‡๎•๎’๎›๎œ๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎˜๎๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎†๎†๎˜๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎„๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎‡๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎€ซ๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎š๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎ตถ๎†๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎„๎‰๎ˆ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€‹๎‚ณ๎€ฑ๎€ซ๎€ท๎€ถ๎€ค๎‚ด๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎–๎ˆ๎•๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒ
ยง21:02 NHTSA Reports on Marijuana
๎€ฌ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€ซ๎€ท๎€ถ๎€ค๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎“๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎•๎•๎ˆ๎๎„-
๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎„๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ฑ๎€ซ๎€ท๎€ถ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎š๎•๎’๎—๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ
๎…๎’๎‡๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎–๎‹๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎๎„๎•๎Œ๎๎˜๎„๎‘๎„๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎„๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€ฑ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ถ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎€ต๎ˆ๎“๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎Š๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€”๎€—๎€‘๎€
๎€ฑ๎€ซ๎€ท๎€ถ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎๎Œ๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ
๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎๎“๎„๎Œ๎•๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎’๎•๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎„๎–๎‹๎€ƒ๎•๎Œ๎–๎Ž๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎—๎‹๎’๎˜๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎„๎–๎‹๎€ƒ ๎•๎Œ๎–๎Ž๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎…๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‰๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎’๎€ƒ
๎„๎†๎†๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎•๎Œ๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎‘๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎„๎๎†๎’๎‹๎’๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€ซ๎€ท๎€ถ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ ๎–๎Œ๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎„๎–๎‹๎€ƒ๎•๎Œ๎–๎Ž๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎๎’๎—๎’๎•๎Œ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ
๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€พ๎€ถ๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฏ๎„๎†๎ˆ๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฎ๎ˆ๎๎๎ˆ๎œ๎€๎€ฅ๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ต๎’๎๎„๎‘๎’๎€๎€ƒ ๎€จ๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ต๎„๎๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ผ๎’๎„๎€๎€ƒ๎€ญ๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€‰๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎๎“๎—๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ต๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€™๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎ˆ๎†๎ˆ๎๎…๎ˆ๎•๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎†๎’๎‹๎’๎๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎„๎–๎‹๎€ƒ๎•๎Œ๎–๎Ž๎€๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎˜๎‡๎œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ต๎ˆ๎“๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎’๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎€ฒ๎€ท๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎€ถ๎€ƒ๎€›๎€”๎€•๎€ƒ๎€–๎€˜๎€˜๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€บ๎„๎–๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎—๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ง๎€ฆ๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎š๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎•๎„๎ตถ๎†๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎„๎‰๎ˆ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎€‘๎€
๎€ค๎๎–๎’๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฑ๎€ซ๎€ท๎€ถ๎€ค๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎†๎’๎Š๎‘๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎–๎’๎˜๎•๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎€ซ๎€ฆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎“๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎€บ๎‹๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ

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