McCall v. State

2016 Ark. App. 300

495 S.W.3d 91

Jamie Shawn McCall, Appellant

v.State of Arkansas, Appellee

No. CR–15–617

Court of Appeals of Arkansas, DIVISION IV.

Opinion Delivered June 1, 2016

Cullen & Co., PLLC, by: Tim J. Cullen, for appellant.

Leslie Rutledge, Att'y Gen., by: Brooke Jackson, Ass't Att'y Gen., for appellee.

RITA W. GRUBER, Judge

Appellant Jamie S. McCall was convicted in a bench trial of aggravated assault and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment. The conviction arose from an altercation at McCall's apartment on August 9, 2013, during which McCall allegedly attacked the victim, George Scroggins, with a box cutter. McCall contends on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to convict him and that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his request to withdraw his waiver of a jury trial. We hold that the court abused its discretion in denying McCall's motion to withdraw his jury-trial waiver and, accordingly, we reverse and remand.

I. Sufficiency of the Evidence

For his first point on appeal, McCall argues that the evidence is insufficient to sustain the aggravated-assault conviction. In order to challenge the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal from a bench trial, Rule 33.1 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure requires a criminal defendant to move for a dismissal at the close of all of the evidence, stating the specific grounds therefor. Ark. R.Crim. P. 33.1(b) (2015). In this case, at the close of all of the evidence, the following colloquy took place:

MCCALL [appearing pro se]: Your honor, I'd like to move for a directed verdict.

COURT : Based on?

MCCALL : Based on the conflicting testimony and on—I don't know if it is to you, but it's apparent to me that these people are prevaricating the truth to epic proportions.

COURT : Motion be denied. State have any rebuttal?

Because McCall failed to specify the respect in which the evidence was deficient, we decline to reach the merits of the argument. In order to preserve a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a defendant must make a specific motion for a directed verdict that advises the trial court of the exact element of the crime that the State has failed to prove. Rodriguez–Gonzalez v. State, 2014 Ark. App. 208, at 3, 2014 WL 1327870 ; Ark. R.Crim. P. 33.1(c). Merely challenging the credibility of all of the State's witnesses, without specifying what element of the offense the State has failed to prove, is not enough. See, e.g., Elkins v. State, 374 Ark. 399, 402, 288 S.W.3d 570, 573 (2008) (holding directed-verdict motion not sufficiently specific where it challenged “lack of credibility of any fact witnesses”). The reason underlying this rule is that, when specific grounds are stated and the proof is pinpointed, the trial court can either grant the motion or allow the State to reopen its case and supply the missing proof. Matar v. State, 2016 Ark. App. 243, at 2, 492 S.W.3d 106. A further reason that the motion must be specific is that the appellate court may not decide an issue for the first time on appeal and cannot afford relief that is not first sought in the trial court. Id.

II. Withdrawal of Jury–Verdict Waiver

For his second point on appeal, McCall argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his request to withdraw his waiver of his right to be tried by a jury. We agree, and we reverse and remand.

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that a criminal defendant shall have the right to a trial by jury but that this right can be waived if the defendant gives an express and intelligent consent to waiver. Patton v. United States, 281 U.S. 276, 50 S.Ct. 253, 74 L.Ed. 854 (1930). This right is also preserved by article 2, § 7, of the Arkansas Constitution, which states that “the right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate, and shall extend to all cases at law, without regard to the amount in controversy; but a jury trial may be waived by the parties in all cases in the manner prescribed by law.” After a defendant waives the right to a jury trial, as McCall did here, it is within the trial court's discretion to decide whether to allow the defendant to withdraw the waiver prior to the commencement of trial. Ark. R.Crim. P. 31.5 (2015). We will not reverse a trial court's denial of a request to withdraw a waiver of a jury trial unless the court has abused its discretion. Hester v. State, 100 Ark. App. 234, 237, 267 S.W.3d 623, 625 (2007).

At a pretrial hearing on July 7, 2014, the court asked McCall—who at the time was represented by counsel—whether he wanted a jury trial or a bench trial. He answered, “I want a jury trial.” McCall later requested the court to allow him to proceed pro se, which the court did on January 9, 2015. Then, at a pretrial hearing on January 12, 2015, the following exchange occurred:

THE COURT : Mr. McCall, I think I did you a disservice the other day. I don't think—you have complicated this case to the point that I think that for you to represent yourself would be a travesty. You need more assistance from Ms. Mason than I'd talked about the other day.

You have questions regarding the—some contradiction in potential testimony of witnesses who testified at a parole revocation hearing and those who testify in court; I am going to reverse my Order. Ms. Mason's gonna try this case because you have—this thing has ballooned and blossomed to the point that everywhere you step, you're gonna step on a land mine and the first thing you're gonna do is convict yourself. And I'm not—if you get convicted, it's gonna be because the jury finds you guilty, not because of something you—could have been avoided had you had professional and competent legal assistance. So, my order that you can represent yourself is being reversed.

....

THE COURT : I am informed by Ms. Gary that we need to go back on the record on Mr. McCall before he is—leaves us; is that correct?

DEFENSE COUNSEL : Yes, Your Honor. Mr. McCall is now wishing for a bench trial and I think he wanted to address the Court as well.

MCCALL : If there's any way, Your Honor, that you'd let me represent myself at a bench trial.

PROSECUTOR : I don't have a problem with that, Judge....

THE COURT : Mr. McCall, that's fine. If that's what you want to do. Now, you understand we have a waiver form that needs to be executed and I need to ask you some questions about it.

McCall then waived his right to a jury trial.

On January 23, 2015, McCall's motion to withdraw waiver of jury trial was filed with the trial court. The document was signed and notarized on January 17, 2015, five days after he had waived his right to a jury trial. In the motion, McCall alleged that his counsel had advised him that the only way he might be allowed to represent himself was if he changed his request for a jury trial to a bench trial. Accepting this advice, he claimed that he had made a “hasty decision” to waive his constitutional right to a jury trial. He also stated that he would accept representation by a public defender if the court would allow him to have a jury trial. Without scheduling a hearing or obtaining a response from the State, the court denied McCall's motion on January 27, 2015, without explanation.

At a pretrial hearing on February 13, 2015, McCall again asked the court to consider allowing him to withdraw his waiver, stating, “I'd like—if there's any way I'd like to object to not being able to represent myself at a jury trial.” The court said that McCall had already waived his right to a jury trial. McCall then asked whether, if he accepted counsel, he would be allowed to have a jury trial, to which the court replied, “No, sir, you waived your right to a jury trial.” McCall appeared pro se at a bench trial on April 10, 2015, and was convicted by the court of aggravated assault.

When contemplating a motion to withdraw a prior waiver of a jury trial, a trial court should...