Chapter 29
for the
STATE OF MONTANA
Updated and Revised by
Chuck Munson
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Consumer Protection
Montana Department of Justice
Helena, Montana
The Section of Antitrust Law thanks Greg Overturf, Legal Counsel, Montana
Department of Commerce, for his review of this chapter.
The Section gratefully acknowledges Heather M. Cooper, Esq., Don T. Hibner, Jr.,
Esq., Suzanne B. Drennon, Esq., David B. Kinnard, Esq., Jennifer Lum, Esq., Kay
Solomon, Esq., and Carlton A. Varner, Esq. for their work on this chapter in prior
editions.
Montana 29-iii
CONTENTS
1.
Introduction .................................................................................................... 1
1.a.
Overview ........................................................................................... 1
1.b.
Source of Law–Statutes and Other .................................................... 2
1.c.
History ............................................................................................... 2
1.d.
Relation to Federal Law .................................................................... 2
1.e.
Remedies ........................................................................................... 2
1.f.
Enforcement ...................................................................................... 3
2.
The Per Se Rule and the Rule of Reason ........................................................ 3
3.
Horizontal Agreements Other Than Group Boycotts ..................................... 4
3.a.
Price Fixing ....................................................................................... 4
3.b.
Market Allocation ............................................................................. 6
3.c.
Customer Allocation ......................................................................... 6
3.d.
Bid Rigging ....................................................................................... 6
3.e.
Covenants Not to Compete ............................................................... 7
4.
Group Boycotts ............................................................................................... 7
4.a.
Concerted Refusals to Deal ............................................................... 7
4.b.
Expulsion or Exclusion from Membership in Trade
Associations or Other Groups ........................................................... 8
5.
Resale Price Maintenance ............................................................................... 8
5.a.
Generally ........................................................................................... 8
5.b.
Monsanto Rule .................................................................................. 8
5.c.
Impact of Leegin ............................................................................... 9
6.
Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Intrabrand ........................................................ 9
7.
Nonprice Vertical Restrains–Interbrand ......................................................... 9
8.
Tying Arrangements ..................................................................................... 10
9.
Dual Distribution .......................................................................................... 10
10.
Intracorporate Conspiracy............................................................................. 10
11.
Monopolization ............................................................................................. 11
11.a.
Monopolization ............................................................................... 11
11.b.
Attempts to Monopolize .................................................................. 12
11.c.
Monopoly Leveraging ..................................................................... 12
11.d.
Predatory Pricing ............................................................................. 12
11.e.
Conspiracy to Monopolize .............................................................. 13
12.
Mergers ......................................................................................................... 13
13.
Discrimination & Other Single Firm Pricing Regulation ............................. 14
13.a.
Price Discrimination ....................................................................... 14
13.a.1.
Territorial or Locality Discrimination ........................ 15
13.a.2.
Buyer Liability ............................................................ 15
13.a.3.
Meeting Competition Defense .................................... 16
13.a.4.
Functional Classifications ........................................... 16
13.a.5.
Preemption .................................................................. 16
13.a.6.
Other Defenses and Exemptions ................................. 16
13.a.7.
Brokerage.................................................................... 17
13.a.8.
Secret Payments or Allowances .................................. 17
