Morgan ex rel. Clark v. American Family Mut. Ins.

563 F.3d 898

Jay MORGAN, a minor child, by and through his special conservator, James CLARK; James Clark, on behalf of himself and on behalf of all surviving statutory beneficiaries of Geri Morgan, deceased; H. Grady Jones; Geri Morgan; Geri Morgan, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, a foreign corporation, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 07-16278.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted February 11, 2009.

Filed April 22, 2009.

L. Ely, Ronald Ozer, Ely Bettini Ulman & Rosenblatt, Phoenix, AZ, for Plaintiffs-Appellees.

Lynn Allen, Michele Lee Forney, Allen & Lewis PLC, Scottsdale, AZ, for Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, James A. Teilborg, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-06-01136-JAT.

Before: RONALD M. GOULD, JAY S. BYBEE, and TIMOTHY M. TYMKOVICH,^* Circuit Judges.

ORDER

CERTIFICATION OF QUESTION OF STATE LAW

This diversity case is on appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona. The certified question involves the interpretation and application of Arizona's doctrine of reasonable expectations to insurance contracts.

Plaintiff Jay Morgan (Morgan) was a passenger in an automobile driven by his father, John Morgan, when John Morgan caused a severe car accident. Morgan's mother, Geri Morgan, was also a passenger and was killed in the accident. Morgan's father was seriously injured and suffered permanent brain damage.

Morgan filed a claim with American Family Mutual Insurance Company under an umbrella personal liability insurance policy, seeking reimbursement for damages stemming from the wrongful death of his mother. American Family denied the claim pursuant to the Policy's "intra-insured suits" exclusion, which bars recovery against family members for their negligence. Morgan filed suit, seeking a declaration that the intra-insured suits exclusion is invalid under Arizona law. Morgan asserted that insurance policies must be construed to further the reasonable expectations of the policyholder, and no reasonable policyholder would believe that family members are excluded from liability for their negligence.

The district court granted summary judgment in favor of Morgan, though neither party presented evidence regarding John Morgan's expectations in acquiring the Policy. American Family now appeals.

Because the disposition of this appeal turns on an important and unsettled question of Arizona law, we submit this request to the Arizona Supreme Court to exercise its discretion to accept the following certified question in accordance with Arizona Supreme Court Rule 27 and Section 12-1861 of the Arizona Revised Statutes:

Can Arizona's doctrine of reasonable expectations operate to void a named-insured exclusion in an insurance policy (1) without evidence of the circumstances surrounding the acquisition and issuance of the policy, and (2) where the exclusion is contained among typical exclusions in the policy?

I. Background

The facts of this case are undisputed. Morgan's parents, John and Geri Morgan, purchased the Policy from American Family and are listed as "named insureds" on the declarations page. In the Policy, American Family agreed to "pay, up to our limit, compensatory damages for which an insured becomes legally liable for injury caused by an occurrence covered by this policy." The declarations page states that the limit of liability under the Policy is one million dollars for "each occurrence." Including the declarations page, the boilerplate "Insuring Agreement," two endorsements, and a "notice of information practices," the Policy is eleven pages long. The "Insuring Agreement" contains twenty-five alphabetically ordered exclusions; the intra-insured suits exclusion is number ten.

While the Policy was in effect, John Morgan negligently caused a severe automobile accident. Morgan was a passenger in the automobile, along with Geri Morgan and John and Geri's nephew, Garth Jones. Geri Morgan died as a result of the accident. John Morgan suffered physical and mental injuries, including brain damage, stroke, and paralysis. Morgan and Garth Jones were also injured.

Morgan, on behalf of himself and Geri Morgan's wrongful death beneficiaries, presented a claim to American Family for the wrongful death of Geri Morgan. American Family denied the claim, asserting the Policy's intra-insured suits exclusion applied. The intra-insured suits exclusion states:

We will not cover personal injury to the named insured or anyone within the meaning of part a or b of the definition of insured.

Because Morgan's claim is based on the wrongful death of Geri Morgan, it is derivative of the injuries suffered by a "named insured" and falls within the language of the intra-insured suits exclusion.

After American Family denied his claim, Morgan filed a complaint in Arizona Superior Court. The complaint sought judgment declaring the Policy's intra-insured suits exclusion to be unenforceable under Arizona's reasonable expectations doctrine. American Family removed to the United States District Court for the District of Arizona, invoking federal diversity jurisdiction.

The parties subsequently filed cross-motions for summary judgment. After hearing oral argument on the cross-motions, the district court issued an order granting summary judgment in favor of Morgan. The order applied Arizona's reasonable expectations doctrine to invalidate the Policy's intra-insured suits exclusion, even though Morgan was unable to present testimony from his injured parents regarding their reasonable expectations of the Policy's coverage because Geri Morgan was deceased and John Morgan suffered severe cognitive deficits as a result of the accident. Due to the lack of testimonial evidence, the district court relied on the form and content of the policy alone as the factual basis for judgment in Morgan's favor. The court relied on State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Falness, 39 F.3d 966 (9th Cir.1994), to reach its conclusion.

II. Analysis

We have applied the Arizona reasonable expectations doctrine to invalidate a named-insured exclusion in similar circumstances to this case. Falness, 39 F.3d at 967-68. In Falness, the named insureds under the policy, John and Anna Hugg, were killed in an automobile collision, and Anna Hugg's estate sought to collect under the policy's liability provisions. Id. at 966. State Farm refused to pay the claim, citing the named-insured exclusion, which stated, "[t]here is no coverage ... for any bodily injury to: ... you." Id. at 967. "You" was defined in the policy as "the named insured or named insureds." Id.

Prior to issuing our decision in Falness, we certified two questions to the Arizona Supreme Court: (1) whether the named-insured exclusion was facially invalid under Darner Motor Sales, Inc. v. Universal Underwriters Insurance Co., 140 Ariz. 383, 682 P.2d 388 (1984), and (2) whether the doctrine of reasonable expectations applied to the named-insured exclusion. See Falness, 39 F.3d at 967; State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Falness (Falness II), 178 Ariz. 281, 872 P.2d 1233, 1234 (1994). The Arizona Supreme Court answered that the named-insured exclusion was not facially invalid under Darner, but could be ruled invalid "under appropriate circumstances." Falness II, 872 P.2d at 1234. The court then stated, "[a]n analysis of the format and clarity of the policy, as well as the circumstances surrounding its acquisition and issuance, is required to determine whether the exclusion falls outside the reasonable expectations of the insureds." Id. (emphasis added).

Because the Huggs were deceased, we could not "make the specific factual inquiry suggested by the Arizona Supreme Court." Falness, 39 F.3d at 968. However, we found there was "no meaningful distinction" between the named-insured exclusion at issue and a household exclusion invalidated by the Arizona Court of Appeals in State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Dimmer, 160 Ariz. 453, 773 P.2d 1012 (1988). Falness, 39 F.3d at 968. Indeed, as we noted, "[t]he Dimmers had purchased substantially the same form of policy from State Farm as the Huggs did." Id. at 967. We therefore adopted the reasoning of Dimmer and invalidated the State Farm named-insured exclusion. Id. at 968.

Here, we cannot analyze "the circumstances surrounding [the Policy's] acquisition and issuance" because the policyholders cannot provide testimony. See Falness II, 872 P.2d at 1234. We also do not have the benefit of a decision by an Arizona court construing "substantially the same form of policy," as we did in Falness. See 39 F.3d at 968.

Furthermore, various cases from the Arizona Supreme Court and Arizona Court of Appeals suggest the reasonable expectations doctrine does not apply unless there is some evidence that the insurance company had reason to believe the insureds expected coverage. See Darner, 682 P.2d at 396-97 (the doctrine of reasonable expectations applies when "the [insurer] has reason to believe that the [insured] would not have accepted the agreement if he had known that the agreement contained the particular term" (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 211 cmt. f (1981) (emphasis added))); see also Phila. Indem. Ins. Co. v. Barerra, 200 Ariz. 9, 21 P.3d 395, 404 (Ariz.2001) (an insured reasonably believed he would be covered by an insurance policy when driving under the influence in part because the car rental company who sold the insurance rented him a car knowing he had been in a DUI-related accident two weeks before); Averett v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 177 Ariz. 531, 869 P.2d 505, 508 (1994) (the insured was particularly concerned about coverage for his family because his wife had health problems, and the insurance agent allegedly knew of these health problems); Do v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Ariz., 171 Ariz. 113, 828 P.2d 1254, 1257-58 (1991) (the insured's expectations that his children were...