Osei v. Standard Chartered Bank

AKWASI BOAKYE OSEI, Plaintiff, v. STANDARD CHARTERED BANK, et al. Defendants.

Civil Action No.: 19-1644-RC

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

March 17, 2020

Re Document Nos.: 23, 27, 29

MEMORANDUM & ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR REMAND AND DENYING MOTIONS FOR CONTEMPT

I. Factual and Procedural Background

Plaintiff Akwasi Boakye Osei, is a Ghana-born businessman who currently resides in the United States. Osei claims there is a "grand scheme" or conspiracy between Standard Chartered Bank, Ghana officials, and the state and federal Courts to deprive him of his business and persecute him and his family. Compl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 1. He first presented this claim in Osei v. Standard Chartered Bank, No. 18-cv-1530, 2019 WL 917998 (D.D.C. Feb. 25, 2019), aff'd sub nom. No. 19-7018, 2019 WL 2563460 (D.C. Cir. June 4, 2019). This Court dismissed his claims for lack of jurisdiction. Id. He refiled largely identical claims on June 5, 2019, initiating this lawsuit. See Compl.

On November 20, 2019, GFP Residential Holdings, LLC, Osei's landlord, filed a complaint against Osei for Repossession of Rented Property in the District Court of Maryland for Montgomery County. See Notice of Removal, Ex. 1, ECF No. 20-1. In the complaint, the landlord alleged that Osei lived at 12400 Park Potomac Avenue #S536, Potomac Maryland, 20854 and that as of November 20, 2019, Osei owed GFP Residential Holding, LLC $2533.00 in rent and a late charge of $126.65. Id. On December 5, 2019, Osei filed a Notice of Removal in this case, removing the landlord-tenant proceeding into this action. See Notice of Removal ¶ 1, ECF No. 20. Osei asserts that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the landlord-tenant claims through a United Nations Resolution, United Nations Refugee Law, and what he refers to as "mandatory grounds of protection." See id ¶ 3-4.

II. Legal Standard

Civil actions filed in state court may be removed to a United States district court by the defendant so long as the case could have been filed in the district court originally. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). However, "[i]f at any time before final judgment it appears that the district court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, the case shall be remanded." 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). A challenge to subject matter jurisdiction may be raised on a motion to remand. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). A "party opposing a motion to remand bears the burden of establishing that subject matter jurisdiction exists in federal court." Int'l Union of Bricklayers & Allied Craftworkers v. Ins. Co. of the W., 366 F. Supp. 2d 33, 36 (D.D.C. 2005) (citation omitted).

III. Analysis

Because the Court finds that it does not have subject matter jurisdiction over the landlord-tenant claims, the motion to remand is granted.

A. Original Jurisdiction

The Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over the landlord-tenant claims because the Notice of Removal does not explain any proper basis for jurisdiction. In arguing that this Court has jurisdiction over the removed landlord-tenant claims, Osei first cites to 28 U.S.C. § 1331, which provides that federal courts may exercise federal question jurisdiction when a matter "aris[es] under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States." 28 U.S.C. § 1331. "To bring a case within th[is] statute, a right or immunity created by the Constitution or laws of the United States must be an element, and an essential one, of the plaintiff's cause of action." Gully v. First Nat. Bank, 299 U.S. 109, 112 (1936). The cause of action must be plainly stated on the face of the complaint. Id. at 113 (citations omitted). If a complaint does not present an action that arises under federal law, removal of that complaint's claims based on federal question is improper. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441(c)(A).

Osei first asserts that this court has subject matter jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to "a treaty of the United States, commonly referred to as the United Nations [("UN")] Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on March 21, 2006, A/RES/60/147." Notice of Removal ¶ 3. Osei appears to be referring to Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, G.A. Res. 60/147, U.N. Doc. A/RES/60/147 (Dec. 16, 2005). Osei also argues that the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees provides for jurisdiction over the landlord-tenant claims. See Notice of Removal ¶ 3-4; see 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, opened for signature July 28, 1951, G.A. Res. 429[V], 189 U.N.T.S. 137. Even assuming, arguendo, that these are treaties of the United States that could provide a basis for federal question jurisdiction, they could not provide for jurisdiction over the landlord-tenant claims because the landlord's claims do not implicate the application or the interpretation of these resolutions. They simply have nothing to do with the state law landlord-tenant dispute.

Osei also asserts that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction over the landlord-tenant claims through "mandatory grounds of protection." Notice of Removal ¶ 3-4. The Court is unsure what Osei means to refer to, as there are no cases or statutes cited. If he intends to refer to the courts' "inherent power . . . to manage their own proceedings and to control the conduct of those who appear before them," this is no basis for jurisdiction. Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 U.S. 32, 33 (1991). A court's inherent power to manage its proceedings does not provide a basis for jurisdiction where it is otherwise improper.

B. Supplemental Jurisdiction

Although Osei does not explicitly claim that this Court can exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the landlord-tenant claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, the Court will read his Notice of Removal liberally and will consider that possibility. See Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976) (noting that a document filed pro se is "to be liberally construed"). Osei does suggest that GFP Residential Holdings, LLC's suit against him is part of a wider conspiracy, as articulated in his complaint against Standard Chartered Bank. Notice of Removal ¶ 4. In removing the landlord-tenant claims into this action against Standard Chartered Bank, Osei might have argued that because the Court has jurisdiction over his claims against Standard Chartered Bank, it ought to take supplemental jurisdictional of the related landlord-tenant claims.¹

For the Court to assert supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims, the claims must be "so related" to the claim with the Court's original jurisdiction that they "form part of the same case or controversy." 28 U.S.C. § 1367. Claims are from the same "case or controversy" when they "derive from a common nucleus of operative fact." Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs., Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 580 (2005) (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) (quoting United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966)). If the supplemental claims arise from the same case or controversy, a federal court decides whether to exercise its discretion to assert jurisdiction over the remaining claims pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(b) by considering whether judicial economy, convenience, and fairness to litigants favor federal litigation. Osborn v. Haley, 549 U.S. 225, 245 (2007) (citing Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 726).

In applying the two-part test for supplemental jurisdiction, the Court first considers whether the plaintiff's landlord-tenant claims are part of a "common nucleus of operative facts" that forms the same "case or controversy" as his claim against Standard Chartered Bank. Taylor v. District of Columbia, 626 F. Supp. 2d 25, 28 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Gibbs, 383 U.S. at 725). "Claims derive from a 'common nucleus of operative fact' only if the plaintiff would ordinarily be expected to try them all in one judicial proceeding." Id. "[S]tate law claims do not derive from a common nucleus of operative facts if there is almost no factual or legal overlap between the state and federal claims." Chelsea Condo. Unit Owners Ass'n v. 1815 A St., Condo. Grp., LLC, 468 F. Supp. 2d 136, 141 (D.D.C. 2007) (citation omitted).

Here, there is no factual or legal overlap between the landlord-tenant claims and the conspiracy claim, because the statutes governing the two claims are different and the elements to prove each are different as well. The landlord-tenant claims and the conspiracy claims are not related such that the Court would "ordinarily be expected to try them all in one judicial proceeding," Taylor, 626 F. Supp. 2d at 28, and the adjudication of the conspiracy claim would be unaffected if the Court were to remand the landlord-tenant claims. Accordingly, the claims do not legally overlap. Further, the factual overlap between GFP Residential Holdings, LLC and the broader conspiracy with Standard Chartered Bank is minimal. The operative facts concerning the Standard Chartered Bank claim are those relating to events in Ghana and New York, while the operative facts for the landlord-tenant claims are those taking place in Maryland. See Fact, Black's Law Dictionary 670 (9th ed. 2009) (operative facts are those "that constitutes the transaction or event on which a claim or defense is based"). State law claims that only "relate generally" to federal claims through a broader dispute and do not share any operative facts are not properly taken up via supplemental jurisdiction. Chelsea Condo., 468 F. Supp. 2d at 142. Here, the only relation at all comes from Osei's bare assertion of coordination. Such speculative assertions, without any grounding in factual allegations, cannot provide a basis for jurisdiction. See Atlas Brew Works, LLC v. Barr, 391 F. Supp. 3d 6, 11 (D.D.C. 2019) (quoting Indian River Cty. v. Rogoff, 254 F. Supp. 3d 15, 18 (D.D.C. 2017)) (noting that the "factual allegations in the complaint . . . will bear closer scrutiny in...