People v. Carter

903 N.Y.S.2d 172

74 A.D.3d 1375

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent,

v.Jerry CARTER, Also Known as Big, Also Known as Big Man, Appellant.

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Department, New York.

June 3, 2010.

Aaron A. Louridas, Schenectady, for appellant.

P. David Soares, District Attorney, Albany (Kenneth C. Weafer of counsel), for respondent.

Before: CARDONA, P.J., MERCURE, SPAIN, KAVANAGH and GARRY, JJ.

SPAIN, J.

Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Albany County (Breslin, J.), rendered October 8, 2008, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of robbery in the first degree (two counts), robbery in the second degree, assault in the first degree (two counts), assault in the second degree, criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fifth degree and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree.

Defendant's convictions stem from two separate incidents, the first occurring on November 26, 2007, when the victim went to the basement of 195 Clinton Avenue, in the City of Albany, to purchase drugs from defendant. An argument ensued concerning the victim's bracelet, culminating in a physical altercation during which defendant bit off a portion of the victim's ear. As a result of a separate investigation, police successfully conducted a controlled buy three days later at defendant's residence. When defendant was arrested, a bag of cocaine was found secreted on his body and a search of his residence resulted in the discovery of a handgun. Defendant was then charged in an 11-count indictment; he later moved to sever those counts stemming from the November 26 incident from the remaining counts. County Court denied that motion. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of two counts of robbery in the first degree, robbery in the second degree, two counts of assault in the first degree, assault in the second degree, criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fifth degree and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree. He was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 28 1/2 to 32 years with five years of postrelease supervision. Defendant now appeals.

Initially, we reject defendant's challenges to the sufficiency and weight of the evidence adduced at trial. Defendant asserts that the evidence was legally insufficient to support his robbery convictions in that there was inadequate evidence that he "forcibly [stole] property" within the meaning of Penal Law §§ 160.10 and 160.15, claiming that the evidence at trial demonstrated that the victim willingly gave the bracelet to him in exchange for money and, therefore, the bracelet was his property when the fight began. Defendant did not make this specific argument in his motion to dismiss at the close of the People's case and, therefore, it is not preserved for our review ( see People v. Gray, 86 N.Y.2d 10, 19, 629 N.Y.S.2d 173, 652 N.E.2d 919 [1995] ). We have, nevertheless,necessarily considered the sufficiency of evidence as to each element of these crimes in the context of our weight of the evidence review ( see People v. Danielson, 9 N.Y.3d 342, 349-350, 849 N.Y.S.2d 480, 880 N.E.2d 1 [2007];People v. Morrison, 71 A.D.3d 1228, 1229, 896 N.Y.S.2d 253 [2010] ), and find the convictions to be sound. In contrast to defendant's version of events, the victim testified that after he refused to sell defendant his bracelet, defendant pulled out what appeared to be a handgun, pointed it at him and demanded the bracelet. The victim then tossed his bracelet at defendant and charged at him, attempting to wrestle the handgun away. According deference to the jury's credibility determinations ( see People v. Bailey, 295 A.D.2d 632, 634, 743 N.Y.S.2d 610 [2002], lv. denied 98 N.Y.2d 766, 752 N.Y.S.2d 6, 781 N.E.2d 918 [2002] ), we find "no basis upon which to determine that the jury failed to give the evidence the weight it should be accorded" ( People v. Johnson, 38 A.D.3d 1012, 1014, 831 N.Y.S.2d 290 [2007]; see People v. Hutcherson, 25 A.D.3d 912, 914, 808 N.Y.S.2d 813 [2006], lv. denied 6 N.Y.3d 849, 816 N.Y.S.2d 755, 849 N.E.2d 978 [2006] ). Nor do we find error in the jury's rejection of defendant's affirmative defense that the handgun was not a loaded, operable weapon ( see Penal Law § 160.15[4] ), in that defendant failed to offer any evidence at trial to support that defense ( see People v. Morales, 36 A.D.3d 957, 959, 827 N.Y.S.2d 334 [2007], lv. denied 8 N.Y.3d 988, 838 N.Y.S.2d 491, 869 N.E.2d 667 [2007] ).

Moving to defendant's assault convictions, we reject defendant's claim that there was inadequate proof of his intent to seriously harm the victim ( see Penal Law § 120.05[1]; § 120.10[2] ). " 'Intent [to cause serious physical injury (or serious and permanent disfigurement) ] may be inferred from conduct as well as the surrounding circumstances' " ( People v. Hartman, 64 A.D.3d 1002, 1003, 883 N.Y.S.2d 361 [2009], lv. denied 13 N.Y.3d 860, 891 N.Y.S.2d 694, 920 N.E.2d 99 [2009], quoting People v. Steinberg, 79 N.Y.2d 673, 682, 584 N.Y.S.2d 770, 595 N.E.2d 845 [1992] ). Here, the victim's testimony that during the altercation defendant beat him with the gun and bit off a large piece of his ear, defendant's oral statement to police that he "did what [he] need[ed] to" and "bit his f* * *ing ear off" and the medical evidence regarding the extensive damage to the victim's ear resulting in permanent disfigurement support his assault conviction ( see People v. Stewart, 68 A.D.3d 1438, 1439-1440, 892 N.Y.S.2d 570 [2009], lv. denied 14 N.Y.3d 773, 898 N.Y.S.2d 105, 925 N.E.2d 110 [2010]; People v. Hartman, 64 A.D.3d at 1003, 883 N.Y.S.2d 361; People v. Portee, 56 A.D.3d 947, 948-950, 867 N.Y.S.2d 564 [2008], lv. denied 12 N.Y.3d 820, 881 N.Y.S.2d 27, 28, 908 N.E.2d 935, 936 [2009] ).

Defendant's conviction for criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree also is supported by the record evidence ( see Penal Law § 265.01[1]; § 265.02[1] ). "Where, as here, the People rely on [the theory of] constructive possession ... it is the People's burden to establish that defendant had dominion and control over the [contraband or the] area where the contraband was found" ( People v. Edwards, 39 A.D.3d 1078, 1079, 834 N.Y.S.2d 575 [2007]; see Penal Law § 10.00[8]; People v. Manini, 79 N.Y.2d 561, 573-574, 584 N.Y.S.2d 282, 594 N.E.2d 563 [1992] ). The record shows that defendant lived in the first floor apartment of 97 Bradford Street, defendant soldcrack cocaine from that apartment and the victim's bracelet and letters addressed to defendant were found in the apartment. Although the handgun was actually recovered underneath the back porch, ammunition for thehandgun was found inside the apartment. This evidence provided the jury with a valid line of reasoning from which it could conclude that defendant exercised dominion and control over the area in which the gun was found and such finding was not against the weight of the evidence ( see People v. Young, 48 A.D.3d 901, 902-903, 851 N.Y.S.2d 714 [2008]; People v. Edwards, 39 A.D.3d at 1079, 834 N.Y.S.2d 575; People v. Elhadi, 304 A.D.2d 982, 984, 759 N.Y.S.2d 781 [2003], lv. denied 100 N.Y.2d 580, 764 N.Y.S.2d 390, 796 N.E.2d 482 [2003] ).

Next, we hold that County Court properly denied defendant's motion to sever the drug-related charges that occurred on November 29, 2007 from the robbery and assault charges that occurred three days earlier. Significantly, the People may join multiple offenses in an indictment, " 'even though based on separate and distinct criminal transactions, ... if they are of such a nature that proof of either offense would be material and admissible as evidence-in-chief upon the trial of the other' " ( People v. Rodriguez, 68 A.D.3d 1351, 1353, 890 N.Y.S.2d 735 [2009], quoting People v. Bongarzone, 69 N.Y.2d 892, 895, 515 N.Y.S.2d 227, 507 N.E.2d 1083 [1987]; see CPL 200.20[2][b] ). While in custody, defendant stated, "I ain't no robber, I'm a drug dealer, I don't do stick up shit. I just do the narcotics thing. I mean if I had a loaded gun, why would I bite his ear off?" This statement is admissible and material to establish both defendant's identity relating to the assault and robbery charges and his intent to sell and possess narcotics. Likewise, the victim's testimony that defendant offered to trade drugs for his bracelet was material and admissible to prove defendant's intent to sell drugs. Hence, proof relating to defendant's robbery and assault charge was material and admissible to establish defendant's possession and intent to sell narcotics and vice versa; thus, the severance motion was properly denied ( see CPL 200.20 [2][b]; People v. Cherry, 46 A.D.3d 1234, 1236, 850 N.Y.S.2d 645 [2007], lv. denied 10 N.Y.3d 839, 859 N.Y.S.2d 398, 889 N.E.2d 85 [2008]; People v. Torra, 309 A.D.2d 1074, 1075, 766 N.Y.S.2d 912 [2003], lv. denied 1 N.Y.3d 581, 775 N.Y.S.2d 797, 807 N.E.2d 910 [2003] ).

We also find no error in County Court's refusal to give a justification charge to the jury ( see Penal Law § 35.15[1][b] )...