People v. Galusha

211 A.D.3d 1421

180 N.Y.S.3d 696

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent,

v.Charles R. GALUSHA, Appellant.

112646

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Department, New York.

Calendar Date: November 16, 2022

Decided and Entered: December 29, 2022

Karen G. Leslie, Riverhead, for appellant.

Kirk O. Martin, Special Prosecutor, Owego (Cheryl Mancini of counsel), for respondent.

Before: Egan Jr., J.P., Lynch, Aarons, Reynolds Fitzgerald and McShan, JJ.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Lynch, J. Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Broome County (Joseph F. Cawley Jr., J.), rendered July 7, 2020, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crime of burglary in the second degree.

Defendant was charged by indictment with burglary in the second degree (see Penal Law § 140.25[2] ) based upon allegations that he broke into the home of Alla Boldina and Peter Connett (hereinafter collectively referred to as the victims) on November 1, 2018 and stole a collection of silver coins, a shotgun and a cosmetics bag. Defendant moved to dismiss the indictment due to purported defects in the grand jury proceeding, which motion County Court denied. Following trial, defendant was found guilty as charged and thereafter sentenced, as a second felony offender, to a prison term of 10 years to be followed by five years of postrelease supervision. Defendant appeals.

Defendant contends that the verdict is not supported by legally sufficient evidence and is against the weight of the evidence. Specifically, defendant maintains that the DNA evidence recovered from a cigarillo found at the scene of the crime was legally insufficient to sustain his conviction. "When considering a challenge to the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the People and evaluate whether there is any valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences which could lead a rational person to the conclusion reached by the jury on the basis of the evidence at trial and as a matter of law satisfy the proof and burden requirements for every element of the crime charged" ( People v. Oliveras, 203 A.D.3d 1233, 1234, 162 N.Y.S.3d 591 [3d Dept. 2022], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 1073, 171 N.Y.S.3d 437, 191 N.E.3d 389 [2022] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see People v. Lafountain, 200 A.D.3d 1211, 1212, 157 N.Y.S.3d 628 [3d Dept. 2021], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 951, 165 N.Y.S.3d 476, 185 N.E.3d 997 [2022] ). "In assessing whether a verdict is supported by the weight of the evidence, we must first determine whether, based on all the credible evidence, a different finding would not have been unreasonable, and, if it would have been reasonable for the jury to reach a different conclusion, then we must weigh the relative probative force of conflicting testimony and the relative strength of conflicting inferences that may be drawn from the testimony to determine whether the jury has failed to give the evidence the weight it should be accorded" ( People v. Cade, 203 A.D.3d 1221, 1221–1222, 164 N.Y.S.3d 288 [3d Dept. 2022] [internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted]).

"As relevant here, a person is guilty of burglary in the second degree when he or she knowingly enters a dwelling with the intent to commit a crime therein" ( People v. Brown, 195 A.D.3d 1163, 1164, 150 N.Y.S.3d 774 [3d Dept. 2021] [citation omitted], lv denied 37 N.Y.3d 1025, 153 N.Y.S.3d 414, 175 N.E.3d 439 [2021] ; see Penal Law § 140.25[2] ). "Notably, the intent necessary for burglary can be inferred from the circumstances of the entry itself" ( People v. Cason, 203 A.D.3d 1309, 1311, 164 N.Y.S.3d 305 [3d Dept. 2022] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 1132, 172 N.Y.S.3d 867, 193 N.E.3d 532 [2022] ; see People v. Ocasio, 167 A.D.3d 412, 89 N.Y.S.3d 67 [1st Dept. 2018], lv denied 32 N.Y.3d 1208, 99 N.Y.S.3d 200, 122 N.E.3d 1113 [2019] ).

Boldina testified that on the day of the burglary, she left her home at 1:00 p.m. and returned at 3:20 p.m. Upon her return, she observed Connett's chisel next to the front door, which was propped open and marked with two sets of black footprints — one set appearing to be about a size 11 or 13 shoe, and a smaller set appearing to be a size 7 or 8 shoe. She called the State Police, and, once a trooper assured that the home was safe, Boldina learned that only the master bedroom was disturbed. She saw many of their belongings in disarray, particularly in the walk-in closet. She discerned that Connett's silver coin collection and shotgun were missing. When Connett arrived home, Boldina left as police continued the investigation. She returned at 8:00 p.m. and realized her cosmetics bag was also missing. Later that evening, as she cleaned up the closet, she detected a strong smell and eventually identified the source as a cigarillo, which she found under a pile of clothes. Several days later, police retrieved the cigarillo and, because Boldina had picked up the cigarillo, police collected a DNA sample from her.

Reports and expert testimony from a forensic scientist working with the State Police established from initial testing of swabs from the cigarillo mouthpiece and Boldina that DNA from at least two donors, one of whom was male, was on the cigarillo mouthpiece, and Boldina was eliminated as one of the donors. A further search of a DNA database of convicted offenders "resulted in an association" with defendant. Thereafter, a buccal swab was taken from defendant, and further testing revealed that it was 43.99 million times more likely that the donors were defendant and another unrelated individual rather than two randomly selected unrelated individuals.

Patrick Skinner, an investigator with the State Police, testified that the initial DNA and database results led him to interview defendant, who admitted that he smoked cigarillos. Defendant also told Skinner that he knew Connett from working together, including some work at the victims’ home. According to Skinner, defendant stated he had been inside the victims’ home by invitation as recently as August or September 2018 — a claim that both Connett and Boldina refuted in their testimony. Moreover, Connett testified that he had ceased working with defendant in 2015 because defendant felt he had not received his fair share of the profits from one of their jobs and Boldina did not support the working relationship, though he and defendant remained cordial.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the People, the evidence was legally sufficient to support defendant's conviction. The cigarillo with defendant's DNA places him in the victims’ home in the two hours Boldina was away, and the remaining elements and requisite intent can be inferred from testimony and photographs indicating a forced entry (see Penal Law § 140.25[2] ; cf. People v. Hajratalli, 200 A.D.3d 1332, 1336, 158 N.Y.S.3d 405 [3d Dept. 2021], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 1033, 169 N.Y.S.3d 226, 189 N.E.3d 333 [2022] ).

We recognize that a different verdict would not have been unreasonable. Among other things, the jury could have assigned the DNA evidence less weight based on Connett's testimony that he was also a smoker — albeit of different tobacco products — and that police never collected a sample from him to exclude him as the second DNA donor. However,...