People v. Gaylord

206 N.Y.S.3d 748

224 A.D.3d 1169

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent,

v.Nathaniel H. GAYLORD, Appellant.

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Department, New York.

Calendar Date: January 17, 2024

Decided and Entered: February 29, 2024

Karen G. Leslie, Riverhead, for appellant.

Kirk O. Martin, District Attorney, Owego (Cheryl Mancini of counsel), for respondent.

Before: Aarons, J.P., Pritzker, Lynch, Fisher and Mackey, JJ.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Pritzker, J.

Appeal from a judgment of the County Court of Tioga County (Gerald A. Keene, J.), rendered October 22, 2021, upon a verdict convicting defendant of the crimes of menacing a police officer (two counts) and menacing in the second degree.

Defendant was charged by indictment with two counts of attempted aggravated assault upon a police officer, two counts of menacing a police officer, one count of menacing in the second degree and one count of discharging a firearm within 500 feet from a dwelling following an incident that occurred in the Town of Newark Valley, Tioga County. The charges stemmed from a July 2020 incident during which defendant, among other things, fired a shotgun near his parents’ house and, after police responded, brandished the shotgun while yelling for the officers to shoot him. After a jury trial, defendant was convicted of two counts of menacing a police officer and one count of menacing in the second degree and acquitted of the two counts of attempted aggravated assault upon a police officer.¹ Defendant was sentenced to concurrent prison terms of six years, to be followed by three years of postrelease supervision, on each of the menacing a police officer convictions and to a lesser concurrent term of incarceration on the menacing in the second degree conviction. Defendant appeals.

[1, 2] Defendant asserts that the evidence produced at trial is legally insufficient to prove that he had the requisite intent to menace the police officers and his mother and that, for similar reasons, the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. To establish menacing a police officer as charged in the indictment, the People were required to prove that defendant "intentionally place[d] or attempt[ed] to place a police officer … in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death by displaying a … shotgun, … whether operable or not, where such officer was in the course of performing his or her official duties and the defendant knew or reasonably should have known that such victim was a police officer" (Penal Law § 120.18). Additionally, to establish menacing in the second degree as charged in the indictment, the People were required to prove that defendant "intentionally place[d] or attempt[ed] to place another person in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury or death by displaying a deadly weapon [or] dangerous instrument" (Penal Law § 120.14[1]). "Intent may be inferred from the defendant’s conduct and the surrounding circumstances" (People v. Stines, 212 A.D.3d 883, 885, 180 N.Y.S.3d 717 [3d Dept. 2023] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted], lv denied 39 N.Y.3d 1113, 186 N.Y.S.3d 839, 208 N.E.3d 67 [2023]; see People v. Pine, 126 A.D.3d 1112, 1114, 4 N.Y.S.3d 746 [3d Dept. 2015], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 1004, 38 N.Y.S.3d 113, 59 N.E.3d 1225 [2016]). "However, inasmuch as evidence of mental illness may negate a specific intent necessary to establish guilt, it is possible for an individual to present evidence at trial that he or she was mentally ill at the time of the incident and, thus, did not possess the requisite intent to commit the crime" (People v. Leppanen, 218 A.D.3d 995, 997, 195 N.Y.S.3d 135 [3d Dept. 2023] [internal quotation marks, brackets, ellipsis and citations omitted], lv denied 40 N.Y.3d 1081, 202 N.Y.S.3d 757, 225 N.E.3d 876 [2023]).

The mother testified that, on the day of the incident, she arrived home from work and confronted defendant because he had not completed his assigned chores. Defendant became upset and punched one of her car’s windows and then retrieved a shotgun, which he "was swinging around," causing her to call the police. The mother testified that she was "pretty sure he was high on … meth." After defendant drove off into a wooded area on a tractor and fired the shotgun once, he returned to the mother’s trailer, apologized to her and said that he "just want[ed] to die" and to "please just let [the police] kill me." The mother also testified that she observed defendant place a note on a table in her trailer in which defendant apologized to his father, told him he loved him and that he would "see. [him on] the other side." Seven members of law enforcement who responded to the scene testified at trial.² Them testimony was largely consistent. More than one law enforcement witness testified that, upon their arrival, the mother appeared scared and, panicked. Testimony established that, shortly after law enforcement arrived, defendant, who had been in the mother’s trailer, came out to the front porch and sat in a chair while holding a shotgun which he first put in his mouth, then held up against his forehead, then put back into his mouth. There was testimony that defendant repeatedly yelled to law enforcement to just shoot him and kill him. Not long thereafter, defendant left the porch and quickly walked toward law enforcement, yelling out to shoot him. Law enforcement backed up from defendant, but he continued to approach them.

Defendant then suddenly brought the shotgun up, "put the butt stock into his shoulder" and pointed it directly at Justin Wilt, an investigator with the State Police, and William White, a lieutenant with the Tioga County Sheriff’s Department, who was standing behind Wilt. Wilt and White both testified that they thought defendant was going to shoot them. Wilt then fired one shot at defendant, which struck him, and defendant dropped his weapon and fell to the ground. Members of law enforcement immediately began providing medical attention while they awaited the arrival of paramedics.

For his part, defendant called a neighbor who testified that, earlier in the day, defendant was acting "erratic" and that defendant told the neighbor that he had been "drinking all day." Thomas Harding, a clinical psychologist, testified regarding a psychological evaluation he was asked to perform of defendant. According to Harding, at the time of the incident, "[defendant’s] mental state was strongly impacted by both cognitive impairments, impairments related to thinking and reasoning and judgment and memory as well as emotional impairments." Harding also found that defendant was "significantly depressed" and "thought about suicide and his life ending." Additionally, Harding tested defendant’s intelligence, finding that his IQ was in the mid–50s – lower than 99 percent of the general population. Harding diagnosed defendant with attention deficit hyperactivity, disorder, stimulant use disorder, alcohol use disorder and cannabis use disorder. Ultimately, Harding concluded that "[defendant’s] ability to … consider a range of possibilities … was extremely impaired" and "[h]is decision making was highly compromised." Harding, on cross-examination, confirmed that he did not find defendant to be insane and defendant did not "lack[] the ability to understand the nature and consequences of his actions."

[3, 4] Based upon the foregoing, "[v]iewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the People, we conclude that there is a valid line of reasoning and permissible inferences which could lead a rational person to the conclusion reached by the fact finder" (People v. Gilmore, 200 A.D.3d 1184, 1188–1189, 157 N.Y.S.3d 617 [3d Dept. 2021] [internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 927, 164 N.Y.S.3d 25, 184 N.E.3d 846 [2022]; see People v. Luna, 206 A.D.3d 1250, 1252, 170 N.Y.S.3d 323 [3d Dept. 2022]). As to intent specifically, defendant’s intent to menace his mother may be inferred from the circumstances, including waving the shotgun around at his mother, as well as firing the shotgun, after becoming upset that the mother had confronted him about not completing his chores (see People v. File, 201 A.D.3d 1036, 1038, 159 N.Y.S.3d 259 [3d Dept. 2022], lv denied 38 N.Y.3d 950, 165 N.Y.S.3d 471, 185 N.E.3d 992 [2022]; People v. Shamsuddin, 167 A.D.3d 1334, 1334–1335, 90 N.Y.S.3d 376 [3d Dept. 2018], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 953, 100 N.Y.S.3d 151, 123 N.E.3d 810 [2019]; People v. McCottery, 90 A.D.3d 1323, 1324, 935 N.Y.S.2d 687 [3d Dept. 2014], lv denied 19 N.Y.3d 975, 950 N.Y.S.2d 358, 973 N.E.2d 768 [2012]). As to menacing Wilt and White, defendant’s intent to menace may be inferred from the circumstances, including defendant walking toward the officers and pointing his shotgun at them, after having just yelled for the members of law enforcement to shoot and kill him (see id.). "Accepting that a different verdict would have been reasonable, ‘upon reviewing the foregoing evidence in a neutral light and deferring to the jury’s resolution of credibility issues, we are satisfied that the jury’s verdict is in accord with the weight of the evidence’ " (People v. Smith, 177 A.D.3d 1190, 1191, 114 N.Y.S.3d 497 [3d Dept. 2019], lv denied 34 N.Y.3d 1163, 120 N.Y.S.3d 275, 142 N.E.3d 1177 [2020], quoting People v. Oliver, 135 A.D.3d 1188, 1191, 23 N.Y.S.3d 696 [3d Dept. 2016], lv denied 27 N.Y.3d 1003, 38 N.Y.S.3d 113, 59 N.E.3d 1225 [2016]).

[5–7] Defendant contends that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel based primarily on his trial counsel’s failure to request a diminished capacity jury charge. "A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel must be supported with proof that the attorney failed to provide meaningful representation and that there were no strategic or other legitimate explanations for counsel’s allegedly deficient conduct" (People v. Njoku, 218 A.D.3d 1047, 1051, 195 N.Y.S.3d 144 [3d Dept. 2023] [internal quotation marks...