People v. Hess

1

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DANIELLE HEAVEN-LEAH HESS, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 366148

Court of Appeals of Michigan

October 24, 2024

Montcalm Circuit Court LC No. 2022-029309-AR.

Before: SWARTZLE, P.J., and REDFORD and FEENEY, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

On appeal, defendant argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying her motion to amend the terms of her probation and dismiss her probation violations. Defendant appeals by leave granted^[1] the circuit court's order denying defendant leave to appeal the district court's order. Defendant asserts that, under the Michigan Regulation and Taxation of Marihuana Act (MRTMA), MCL 333.27951 et seq., the condition of her probation that prohibits her use of marijuana that is MRTMA-compliant is unlawful and unenforceable.^[2] Defendant notes that, unlike the defendant in a case recently published by this Court, People v Lopez-Hernandez, __ Mich.App. __, __; __ N.W.2d __ (2024) (Docket No. 367731); slip op at 4-5, the offense that led to her probation was not marijuana-related, and therefore, her case presents an issue of first impression to this Court. We affirm.

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

In August 2021, defendant pleaded guilty to one count of third-degree retail fraud, MCL 750.356d(4). The district court sentenced defendant to serve 12 months' probation under the Holmes Youthful Trainee Act (HYTA), MCL 762.11. The order of probation prohibited defendant from using or possessing marijuana and required that she submit to drug screening for marijuana. On two occasions in 2022, defendant tested positive for marijuana, which resulted in two violations of her probation. Defendant pleaded guilty to the first probation violation. Following the second violation, defendant moved the district court to amend the terms of her probation to allow the use and possession of marijuana, to vacate her first violation, and to dismiss her second violation, arguing that the condition of her probation that prohibited her use of marijuana violated the plain language of the MRTMA. Specifically, defendant argued that § 5 of the MRTMA, MCL 333.27955, which holds that the use of recreational marijuana in compliance with the MRTMA is not grounds for penalty, mirrored § 4 of the Michigan Medical Marihuana Act (MMMA), MCL 333.26421 et seq., which this Court held rendered a probation condition prohibiting a probationer's MMMA-compliant use of medical marijuana unlawful. See People v Thue, 336 Mich.App. 35, 47; 969 N.W.2d 346 (2021).

The district court denied defendant's motion on the basis that the MRTMA was already enacted at the time Thue was decided; therefore, the lack of discussion regarding recreational marijuana in Thue demonstrated that the MRTMA was not meant to be analyzed and applied identically to the MMMA. The district court concluded that defendant violated a lawful term of her probation, so it revoked defendant's HYTA status and sentenced her to serve 10 days in jail.

Defendant subsequently appealed the district court's order to the circuit court, arguing similarly that the condition of her probation prohibiting her use of recreational marijuana was unlawful under the MRTMA. The circuit court denied defendant's application to appeal, noting that probationers formed a separate class of people from law-abiding citizens, and, therefore, courts were permitted to restrict a probationer's use of legal substances, including recreational marijuana and alcohol. This appeal followed.

II. ANALYSIS

Defendant argues that, because the plain language of the MRTMA indicates that the use of recreational marijuana in accordance with its terms is not a ground for penalty, the district court abused its discretion by denying defendant's motion and revoking her probation. We disagree.

"The decision to revoke probation is a matter within the sentencing court's discretion." People v Ritter, 186 Mich.App. 701, 706; 464 N.W.2d 919 (1991). Likewise, this Court reviews "the trial court's decision to set terms of probation for an abuse of discretion." People v Zujko, 282 Mich.App. 520, 521; 765 N.W.2d 897 (2008). A trial court's ruling on a motion to dismiss is also reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Bylsma, 315 Mich.App. 363, 376; 889 N.W.2d 729 (2016). "A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes." Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). This Court reviews "de novo issues of statutory interpretation." People v Ambrose, 317 Mich.App. 556, 560; 895 N.W.2d 198 (2016). "A fundamental rule of statutory interpretation is to determine the purpose and intent of the Legislature in enacting a provision." People v Cannon, 206 Mich.App. 653, 655; 522 N.W.2d 716 (1994).

"Probation is a matter of grace, not of right, and the trial court has broad discretion in determining the conditions to impose as part of probation." People v Breeding, 284 Mich.App. 471, 479-480; 772 N.W.2d 810 (2009). The sentencing court is required to impose certain conditions, MCL 771.3(1), and may impose other discretionary conditions. MCL 771.3(2). A trial court may also "impose other lawful conditions of probation as the circumstances of the case require or warrant or as in its judgment are proper." MCL 771.3(3). Although a trial court "has considerable discretion in setting conditions of probation, the exercise of that discretion must be guided by what is lawfully and logically related to the defendant's rehabilitation." People v Houston, 237 Mich.App. 707, 719; 604 N.W.2d 706 (1999). Discretionary conditions "must be individually tailored to the probationer, must specifically address the assessed risks and needs of the probationer, must be designed to reduce recidivism, and must be adjusted if the court determines adjustments are appropriate." MCL 771.3(11).^[3]

This case involves the MRTMA, which was passed into law by voter initiative in 2018. 2018 IL I. The MRTMA "generally decriminalized the use and possession of marijuana by adults aged 21 years or older." People v Armstrong, 344 Mich.App. 286, 297; 1 NW3d 299 (2022). Defendant argues that the district court abused its discretion by denying her motion to amend the terms of her probation and dismiss her probation violations on the basis that the condition of her probation prohibiting the use of marijuana was unlawful under the MRTMA.

In support of her argument, defendant relies on this Court's recent decision in Thue, 336 Mich.App. at 47. This Court has summarized Thue as follows:

There, the defendant pleaded guilty to assault and battery following a roadrage incident and was sentenced to one year of probation. Id. at 38. A condition of that probation was that the defendant was prohibited from using marijuana, including medical marijuana. Id. The defendant sought to modify the terms of his probation, arguing that this probation condition was unlawful because he was an authorized user of medical marijuana under the MMMA. Id. The district court denied the defendant's motion, noting that "it had the authority to place restrictions on medication and that the restriction was appropriate" under the circumstances. Id.

On appeal, this Court held that "a condition of probation prohibiting the use of medical marijuana that [was] otherwise used in accordance with the MMMA [was] directly in conflict with the MMMA and [was] impermissible." Id. at 47. This Court reasoned that the plain language of the MMMA established that any conflicting statutes or provisions were preempted or superseded by the MMMA, including Michigan's probation act. Id. at 47. There was no indication that the defendant used marijuana in violation of the MMMA, and thus, this Court concluded that "the district court erred by prohibiting [the] defendant from MMMA-compliant marijuana use as a term of his probation ...." Id. at 47-48. [Lopez-Hernandez, __ Mich.App. at __; slip op at 3 (alterations in original).]

Defendant seeks to extend Thue's reasoning to this case. Defendant, raising the same argument as the defendant in Lopez-Hernandez, contends that because the MRTMA prohibits penalizing the use of marijuana in a manner compliant with the statute and it mirrors the language of the MMMA on the same subject, the probation condition prohibiting her use of recreational marijuana is unenforceable. Section 4 of the MMMA states that if an individual possesses a registry identification card, his or her medical use of marijuana in accordance with the MMMA "is not subject to arrest, prosecution, or penalty in any manner, or denied any right or privilege ...." MCL 333.26424(a). Section 5 of the MRTMA similarly states that recreational uses of marijuana by persons 21 years of age or older in accordance with the MRTMA "are not an offense, are not grounds for seizing or forfeiting property, are not grounds for arrest, prosecution, or penalty in any manner, are not grounds for search or inspection, and are not grounds to deny any other right or privilege[.]" MCL 333.27955(1). Finally, § 4 of the MRTMA provides that "[a]ll other laws inconsistent with [the MRTMA] do not apply to conduct that is permitted by [the MRTMA]." MCL 333.27954(5). Because the language of the MMMA that this Court relied on in Thue is mirrored in the MRTMA, defendant asks this Court to extend Thue to this case.

But the argument that Thue automatically extends to recreational marijuana cases is not as clear-cut as defendant would suggest. Notably, this Court explained in Thue that the MMMA was inapplicable to the recreational use of marijuana:

Because probation is a privilege, the revocation of probation is a penalty or the denial of a privilege. Under MCL 333.26424(a), a person is protected from penalty in any manner, or denial of any right or privilege,

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