People v. Stith

203 A.D.3d 1640

161 N.Y.S.3d 916 (Mem)

The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent,

v.Clifton STITH, Defendant-Appellant.

1150

KA 18-01673

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Fourth Department, New York.

Entered: March 11, 2022

FRANK H. HISCOCK LEGAL AID SOCIETY, SYRACUSE (SARA A. GOLDFARB OF COUNSEL), FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.

WILLIAM J. FITZPATRICK, DISTRICT ATTORNEY, SYRACUSE (JESSICA N. CARBONE OF COUNSEL), FOR RESPONDENT.

PRESENT: WHALEN, P.J., SMITH, NEMOYER, AND CURRAN, JJ.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

It is hereby ORDERED that the judgment so appealed from is unanimously affirmed.

Memorandum: Defendant appeals from a judgment convicting him upon a jury verdict of criminal possession of a controlled substance in the fifth degree ( Penal Law § 220.06 [5] ), resisting arrest (§ 205.30), and harassment in the second degree (§ 240.26 [1]). We affirm.

Defendant contends that the prosecutor's exercise of a peremptory challenge with respect to a prospective juror constituted a violation of Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). Under Batson and its progeny, "the party claiming discriminatory use of peremptories must first make out a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination by showing that the facts and circumstances of the voir dire raise an inference that the other party excused one or more [prospective] jurors for an impermissible reason ... Once a prima facie showing of discrimination is made, the nonmovant must come forward with a race-neutral explanation for each challenged peremptory—step two ... The third step of the Batson inquiry requires the trial court to make an ultimate determination on the issue of discriminatory intent based on all of the facts and circumstances presented" ( People v. Smocum , 99 N.Y.2d 418, 421-422, 757 N.Y.S.2d 239, 786 N.E.2d 1275 [2003] ; see People v. Morgan , 75 A.D.3d 1050, 1051-1052, 903 N.Y.S.2d 851 [4th Dept. 2010], lv denied 15 N.Y.3d 894, 912 N.Y.S.2d 582, 938 N.E.2d 1017 [2010] ).

At the second step, "[t]he burden ... is minimal, and the explanation must be upheld if it is based on something other than the juror's race, gender, or other protected characteristic" ( People v. Smouse , 160 A.D.3d 1353, 1355, 76 N.Y.S.3d 285 [4th Dept. 2018] ; see Hernandez v. New York , 500 U.S. 352, 360, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 [1991] ; People v. Payne , 88 N.Y.2d 172, 183, 643 N.Y.S.2d 949, 666 N.E.2d 542 [1996] ). "To satisfy its step two burden, the nonmovant need not offer a persuasive or even a plausible explanation but may offer any facially neutral reason for the challenge—even if that reason is ill-founded—so long as the reason does not violate equal protection" ( Smouse , 160 A.D.3d at 1355, 76 N.Y.S.3d 285 [internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted]; see Purkett v. Elem , 514 U.S. 765, 767-768, 115 S.Ct. 1769, 131 L.Ed.2d 834 [1995] ; Payne , 88 N.Y.2d at 183, 643 N.Y.S.2d 949, 666 N.E.2d 542 ).

Initially, because the prosecutor offered a race-neutral reason for the challenge and County Court thereafter "ruled on the ultimate issue" of discriminatory intent, the issue of the sufficiency of defendant's prima facie showing of discrimination under step one of the Batson analysis is moot ( Smocum , 99 N.Y.2d at 423, 757 N.Y.S.2d 239, 786 N.E.2d 1275 ; see People v. Bridgeforth , 28 N.Y.3d 567, 575 n. 2, 46 N.Y.S.3d 824, 69 N.E.3d 611 [2016] ; People v. Jiles , 158 A.D.3d 75, 78, 68 N.Y.S.3d 787 [4th Dept. 2017], lv denied 31 N.Y.3d 1149, 83 N.Y.S.3d 431, 108 N.E.3d 505 [2018] ). With respect to the second step, we conclude that the court properly determined that the People met their burden of offering a facially race-neutral explanation for the challenge of the prospective juror (see Smouse , 160 A.D.3d at 1355, 76 N.Y.S.3d 285 ). Specifically, the prosecutor explained that she challenged the prospective juror based on his experience of having previously testified as a witness in court, the fact that he was not native to the city where the crimes occurred, and his employment as a therapist (see People v. Jackson , 185 A.D.3d 1454, 1454-1455, 128 N.Y.S.3d 134 [4th Dept. 2020], lv denied 35 N.Y.3d 1113, 133 N.Y.S.3d 523, 537, 158 N.E.3d 540, 554 [2020]; People v. Linder , 170 A.D.3d 1555, 1558, 95 N.Y.S.3d 681 [4th Dept. 2019], lv denied 33 N.Y.3d 1071, 105 N.Y.S.3d 12, 129 N.E.3d 332 [2019] ; see also People v. Hecker , 15 N.Y.3d 625, 663-664, 917 N.Y.S.2d 39, 942 N.E.2d 248 [2010] ; People v. Toliver , 102 A.D.3d 411, 411, 958 N.Y.S.2d 95 [1st Dept. 2013], lv denied 21 N.Y.3d 1011, 971 N.Y.S.2d 262, 993 N.E.2d 1286 [2013], reconsideration denied 21 N.Y.3d 1077, 974 N.Y.S.2d 326, 997 N.E.2d 151 [2013] ).

We also reject defendant's contention that the court erred at step three. A "trial court's determination whether a proffered race-neutral reason is pretextual is...