Books and Journals Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion: Arrests, Seizures, Stops and Frisks

Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion: Arrests, Seizures, Stops and Frisks

Document Cited Authorities (196) Cited in Related
SUPPRESSING CRIMINAL EVIDENCE5-1 ยง5:02
CHAPTER 5: Probable Cause and Reasonable Suspicion: Arrests, Seizures, Stops
and Frisks
โ€œ . . . no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable causeโ€
-The Fourth Amendment-
I. Probable Cause
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎–๎ˆ๎๎‰๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎–๎ˆ๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎˜๎“๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ต๎‚ถ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎œ๎‡๎„๎œ๎€ƒ ๎๎Œ๎‰๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎˜๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎‘๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎†๎—๎€‘๎‚ถ๎‚ถ๎€ƒ ๎€ƒBrinegar v.
United States๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€–๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€™๎€“๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€š๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€—๎€œ๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎†๎‹๎‘๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‰๎‰๎’๎•๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎•๎’๎๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎“๎’๎–๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎๎’๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‰๎‰๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎†๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎…๎Œ๎—๎•๎„๎•๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎“๎•๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒId๎€‘
A. Probable Cause to Arrest
1. Governing Principles
ยง5:01 Gates Standard: Fair Probability Determined By Totality of Circumstances
๎€ณ๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒDraper v. United States๎€๎€ƒ ๎€–๎€˜๎€›๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎€“๎€š๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€˜๎€›๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ
๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎–๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎˜๎–๎—๎š๎’๎•๎—๎‹๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎•๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎ˆ๎š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ
๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎ˆ๎š๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎ˆ๎š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒBeck v. Ohio๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€š๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€›๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€™๎€—๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎—๎†๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎†๎•๎Œ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ž๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎–๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒDavis v. Mississippi๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€œ๎€—๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ƒ๎€š๎€•๎€”๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€™๎€œ๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€ณ๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ž๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎—๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒIllinois v. Gates๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€™๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ƒ๎€•๎€”๎€–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€–๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎ ๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎„๎๎œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎‘๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎„๎†๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎„๎…๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎‘๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎๎ˆ๎‡๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎™๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎’๎•๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎—๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎‘๎๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎˜๎•๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎•๎•๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎’๎˜๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒBrinegar v. United States,
๎€–๎€–๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€™๎€“๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€—๎€œ๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒSaucier v. Katz๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€–๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€—๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€™๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘
The Gates๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎‡๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎„๎“๎“๎๎Œ๎†๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎š๎„๎•๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎ˆ๎๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎–๎˜๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎€ƒ
๎š๎„๎•๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎Š๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎‚ด๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎‡๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ž๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ
๎Š๎’๎’๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎™๎„๎๎Œ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒHenry v. U.S๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€™๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€œ๎€›๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€˜๎€œ๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒ Beck v. Ohio๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€š๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€›๎€œ๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€™๎€—๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ ๎€ซ๎’๎š๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎—๎Œ๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎๎€ƒ
๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎‰๎‰๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒState v. Repenshek๎€๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€—๎€ƒ๎€บ๎€ฌ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€ƒ๎€•๎€•๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€บ๎Œ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€—๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€ค๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎’๎‘๎œ๎๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎Œ๎“๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎•๎•๎’๎…๎’๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒAlabama v. White๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€œ๎€™๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎€•๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€“๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
ยง5:02 Older Rule: Aguilar/Spinelli
๎€ช๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎‡๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ซ๎’๎š๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎‡๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ Aguilar/Spinelli๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎•๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎„๎…๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎‘๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎‡๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ Gates๎€‘๎€ƒ See Aguilar v. Texas๎€๎€ƒ ๎€–๎€š๎€›๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€›๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€™๎€—๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒSpinelli v. United States๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€œ๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎€”๎€“๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€™๎€œ๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎š๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎—๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎—๎š๎’๎€๎“๎•๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ
๎„๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎Š๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎๎œ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎๎˜๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€‹i.e๎€‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎‘๎—๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎๎ˆ๎‡๎Š๎ˆ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ค๎—๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒGates๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒPeople v. Johnson๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€›๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€จ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ
๎€—๎€–๎€œ๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€—๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€ผ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€˜๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ณ๎€ต๎€ฒ๎€ฅ๎€ค๎€ฅ๎€ฏ๎€จ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎€ค๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€จ๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€ฑ๎€ง๎€ƒ๎€ต๎€จ๎€ค๎€ถ๎€ฒ๎€ฑ๎€ค๎€ฅ๎€ฏ๎€จ๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎€ธ๎€ถ๎€ณ๎€ฌ๎€ฆ๎€ฌ๎€ฒ๎€ฑ 5-2ยง5:03
ยง5:03 Warrantless Arrests
๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎•๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎…๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎“๎๎„๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒUnited States v. Watson๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€•๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎€”๎€”๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€š๎€™๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒMichigan v. Summer๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€˜๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€™๎€œ๎€•๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎„๎•๎•๎„๎‘๎—๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎–๎’๎‘๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎€ฉ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€๎€ƒ๎Š๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ
๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎…๎๎Œ๎–๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎๎’๎–๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎–๎„๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒDevenpeck v. Alford๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€—๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€—๎€™๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€—๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎„๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ
๎‹๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎€‘๎€ƒGoddard v. Kelly๎€๎€ƒ๎€™๎€•๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎˜๎“๎“๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€”๎€”๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ง๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎–๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€œ๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎€ฐ๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎“๎Œ๎‘๎”๎˜๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎…๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎“๎๎„๎†๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ
๎€‹Ybarra v. Illinois๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€—๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€›๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€š๎€œ๎€Œ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎˜๎“๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎’๎Œ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎„๎…๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎•๎’๎„๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ
probable cause in Maryland v. Pringle๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€—๎€“๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎€™๎€™๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€–๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎–๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎•๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎–๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎†๎„๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎†๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎๎๎€ƒ ๎’๎†๎†๎˜๎“๎„๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎๎„๎๎๎€ƒ ๎™๎ˆ๎‹๎Œ๎†๎๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ
๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎—๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎๎ˆ๎‡๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎–๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘
๎€ค๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎„๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ๎๎„๎—๎—๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎‘๎’๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ž๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ
๎†๎Œ๎—๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎’๎˜๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎™๎„๎Œ๎๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎˜๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒAtwater v. City of Lago Vista๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€–๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€–๎€”๎€›๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€จ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‘๎‡๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎–๎˜๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎Œ๎—๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎๎๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎‘๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎–๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‡๎’๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎—๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎’๎’๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎€‘๎€ƒVirginia v. Moore๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€˜๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€™๎€—๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€›๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€บ๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎’๎“๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎›๎—๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎‘๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎–๎˜๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎•๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ
๎’๎†๎†๎˜๎“๎„๎‘๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎Š๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎๎„๎†๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎’๎“๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎–๎—๎„๎…๎๎Œ๎–๎‹๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎š๎‰๎˜๎๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎๎๎’๎š๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎–๎–๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒ Whren v. United States๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€”๎€š๎€ƒ
๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€›๎€“๎€™๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€™๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒArkansas v. Sullivan๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€–๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€š๎€™๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎“๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎˜๎•๎Œ๎„๎๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎’๎š๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ
Whren๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒState v. Sullivan๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€—๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎€‘๎€บ๎€‘๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€•๎€”๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€•๎€Œ๎€‘
ยง5:04 Remedy for Unlawful Arrest
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎œ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎๎„๎š๎‰๎˜๎๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎˜๎๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ
๎๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒWhiteley v. Warden๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€“๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€™๎€“๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€š๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ง๎Œ๎–๎๎Œ๎–๎–๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎‹๎„๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ
๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒSee U.S. v. Crews๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€—๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€—๎€™๎€–๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€š๎€—๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€“๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎‹๎’๎๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎“๎’๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎๎–๎ˆ๎๎‰๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ต๎‰๎•๎˜๎Œ๎—๎‚ถ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎๎๎ˆ๎Š๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎“๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ช๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎“๎’๎•๎—๎˜๎‘๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Š๎˜๎Œ๎๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎•๎’๎˜๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎•๎’๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎—๎„๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎–๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎‚ด๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒ๎€ƒI.N.S. v. Lopez-Mendoza๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€™๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€–๎€•๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€–๎€œ๎€๎€—๎€“๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€—๎€Œ๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎‚ณ๎€พ๎—๎€๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ต๎…๎’๎‡๎œ๎‚ถ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎–๎“๎’๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎†๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎†๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎–๎ˆ๎๎‰๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎˜๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎๎„๎š๎‰๎˜๎๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎๎„๎š๎‰๎˜๎๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎€๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎•๎’๎Š๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎†๎†๎˜๎•๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎‚ด๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎–๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎—๎•๎„๎€๎๎˜๎‡๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Ž๎Œ ๎‡๎‘๎„๎“๎“๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎–๎€ƒ๎€‹U.S. v. Alvarez-Machain๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€“๎€—๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€™๎€˜๎€˜๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€•๎€Œ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ
๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎—๎•๎„๎‡๎Œ๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ
๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Ž๎Œ๎‡๎‘๎„๎“๎“๎ˆ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒId๎€‘๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎€™๎€™๎€•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎–๎Œ๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎†๎ˆ๎“๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎•๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎‘๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ช๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎™๎„๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ธ๎‘๎Œ๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎“๎„๎—๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎•๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎Œ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎’๎˜๎—๎•๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎‹๎’๎†๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎‚ด๎€ƒ ๎Š๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‘๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎‡๎˜๎†๎—๎€‘๎€ƒSee U.S. v. Matta-Ballesteros๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€š๎€˜๎€—๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€˜๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒ United States v.
Noreiga๎€๎€ƒ๎€”๎€”๎€š๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€”๎€•๎€“๎€™๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎€”๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€š๎€Œ๎€‘
๎€ธ๎‘๎๎Œ๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎†๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎–๎—๎„๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎‚ด๎€ƒUnited States v. Lopez๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎€‘๎€ญ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ธ๎€‘๎€ถ๎€‘๎€ฐ๎€‘๎€ค๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€•๎€Œ๎€‘
Practice Point: Arrests across jurisdictional lines
๎€ฐ๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎‘๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎“๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎’๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎๎’๎Œ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎™๎ˆ๎–๎—๎Œ๎Š๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎Œ๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎•๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒSee,
e.g๎€‘๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎•๎œ๎๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎†๎ˆ๎‡๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‚†๎€•๎€๎€”๎€“๎€•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€บ๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎˜๎—๎–๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎†๎’๎“๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎๎’๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‘๎„๎—๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ž๎€ƒ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎๎˜๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎๎๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎™๎Œ๎’๎๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ค๎๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎€‹Miller v. State๎€๎€ƒ๎€›๎€•๎€—๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€”๎€“๎€”๎€š๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฐ๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€–๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒ๎€ถtate v. Weidman๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€™๎€—๎€ƒ
๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€จ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€œ๎€š๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฒ๎‹๎Œ๎’๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€•๎€Œ๎€Œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎’๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
SUPPRESSING CRIMINAL EVIDENCE5-3 ๎‚†๎€˜๎€๎€“๎€™
๎€ฑ๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎„๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€๎€ƒ
๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎œ๎’๎˜๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎†๎†๎ˆ๎–๎–๎‰๎˜๎๎€‘๎€ƒSee, e.g., Henderson v. State๎€๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€˜๎€–๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎€‘๎€บ๎€‘๎€•๎€™๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ค๎•๎Ž๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€š๎€Œ๎€‘
See๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎’๎•๎๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€๎€”๎€๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎’๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎˜๎“๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ฑ๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎’๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎€ค๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘
2. Case Examples
ยง5:05 Probable Cause Found
๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎•๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎…๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ ๎œ๎’๎˜๎€ƒ
๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎†๎‹๎„๎๎๎ˆ๎‘๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎„๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎œ๎’๎˜๎•๎€ƒ ๎๎˜๎•๎Œ๎–๎‡๎Œ๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎•๎˜๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎™๎„๎•๎Œ๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎†๎—๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎–๎Œ๎—๎˜๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฅ๎ˆ๎๎’๎š๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎œ๎“๎Œ๎†๎„๎๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎‰๎’๎•๎†๎ˆ๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎๎„๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€
โ€ข Drug Transactions๎€๎€ƒ๎€ƒ ๎€ช๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎๎๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎„๎๎Œ๎๎Œ๎„๎•๎€ƒ ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ
๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎‰๎•๎’๎๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎•๎™๎ˆ๎Œ๎๎๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎Œ๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎“๎ˆ๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€’๎‹๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎„๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎‘๎‡๎€๎—๎’๎€๎‹๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ
๎—๎•๎„๎‘๎–๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎™๎’๎๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎๎ˆ๎†๎—๎–๎€‘๎€ƒCommonwealth v. Thompson๎€๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€›๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€•๎€›๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ณ๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€œ๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒState
v. Castro๎€๎€ƒ๎€›๎€œ๎€”๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€›๎€—๎€›๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ต๎€‘๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€™๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒDarling v. State๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€™๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ค๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€—๎€™๎€–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ง๎ˆ๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€”๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒCommonwealth v. Kennedy,
๎€™๎€œ๎€“๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€จ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€–๎€–๎€š๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฐ๎„๎–๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€•๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒRevels v. State๎€๎€ƒ๎€™๎€™๎€™๎€ƒ ๎€ถ๎’๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€”๎€–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฉ๎๎„๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€ง๎Œ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€˜๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€ซ๎’๎š๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎–๎ˆ๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎‚†๎€˜๎€๎€“๎€™๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎‡๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎Œ๎๎Œ๎๎„๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎…๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€‘๎€Œ
โ€ข Operating While Intoxicated๎€๎€ƒ ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎—๎„๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€๎’๎‰๎€๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎—๎ˆ๎•๎๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ
๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‡๎•๎˜๎‘๎Ž๎€๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎…๎–๎ˆ๎•๎™๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎•๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ž๎€ƒ ๎‚ณ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Š๎๎„๎–๎–๎œ๎€ƒ ๎ˆ๎œ๎ˆ๎–๎‚ด๎€ž๎€ƒ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ
๎…๎œ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎˜๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎„๎๎†๎’๎‹๎’๎๎€ž๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎๎ˆ๎๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎๎†๎’๎‹๎’๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€‘๎€ƒState
v. Homan๎€๎€ƒ๎€›๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎‹๎Œ๎’๎€ƒ๎€ถ๎—๎€‘๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€—๎€•๎€”๎€ƒ ๎€‹๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€“๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ ๎€ณ๎’๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎…๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‡๎๎Œ๎‘๎Œ๎–๎—๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎๎€๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎•๎ˆ๎”๎˜๎Œ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎†๎„๎—๎Œ๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎€ง๎€บ๎€ฌ๎€‘๎€ƒId๎€‘๎€ž๎€ƒ State v. Pfaff๎€๎€ƒ๎€™๎€š๎€™๎€ƒ
๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€บ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€š๎€•๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€บ๎Œ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€—๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎ˆ๎•๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎„๎๎’๎‘๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎“๎“๎’๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎“๎ˆ๎•๎„๎—๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎ƒ€๎˜๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒ
State v. Lange๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€™๎€™๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€บ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€˜๎€”๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€บ๎Œ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€œ๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎€ช๎€ฑ๎€ƒ๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎…๎Œ๎‘๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎‰๎„๎Œ๎•๎‚ด๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎‰๎’๎•๎๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎…๎•๎Œ๎ˆ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ
๎—๎ˆ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎๎ˆ๎๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎†๎’๎‹๎’๎๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎Œ๎™๎ˆ๎• ๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒState v. Superior Court๎€๎€ƒ๎€š๎€”๎€›๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€š๎€”๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ค๎•๎Œ๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€›๎€™๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
โ€ข Drug Odors๎€๎€ƒ๎€ค๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‡๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎—๎•๎’๎๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎…๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‡๎’๎•๎€ƒ
๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎๎Œ๎–๎—๎„๎Ž๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Ž๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎Œ๎‚ฟ๎†๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎Œ๎•๎†๎˜๎๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎Œ๎†๎‹๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ
๎’๎‡๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‡๎Œ๎–๎†๎’๎™๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎‡๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Ž๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎’๎‡๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€‹๎–๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒState v. Secrist๎€๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€›๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€บ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€–๎€›๎€š๎€‹๎€บ๎Œ๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ
๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€œ๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒUnited States v. Humphries๎€๎€ƒ๎€–๎€š๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€™๎€˜๎€–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€—๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€—๎€Œ๎€ž๎€ƒPeople v. Vigil๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€›๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€˜๎€œ๎€–๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฆ๎’๎๎’๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€š๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ
๎€ซ๎’๎š๎ˆ๎™๎ˆ๎•๎€๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎…๎„๎–๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ ๎’๎‡๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‰๎€ƒ ๎“๎’๎–๎–๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎–๎๎„๎๎๎€ƒ ๎„๎๎’๎˜๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ
๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎€‘๎€ƒCommonwealth v. Cruz๎€๎€ƒ๎€œ๎€—๎€˜๎€ƒ๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€จ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€›๎€œ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฐ๎„๎–๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€”๎€”๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
โ€ข Unlawful Possession of Alcohol by Underage Drinker๎€๎€ƒ๎€ณ๎’๎๎Œ๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎๎„๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎€•๎€”๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ
๎˜๎‘๎๎„๎š๎‰๎˜๎๎€ƒ๎“๎’๎–๎–๎ˆ๎–๎–๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎๎†๎’๎‹๎’๎๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎–๎—๎•๎’๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‡๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎Œ๎—๎€ƒ ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ ๎…๎•๎ˆ๎„๎—๎‹๎€‘๎€ƒZuniga v. State, 815
๎€ฑ๎€‘๎€จ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€š๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€ฌ๎‘๎‡๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎—๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ค๎“๎“๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€—๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ
โ€ข Probable Cause by Association๎€๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ฐ๎„๎‘๎œ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎˜๎“๎‹๎ˆ๎๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ๎‚ฟ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎—๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎ˆ๎•๎“๎•๎Œ๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎–๎๎„๎๎๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎Œ๎™๎„๎—๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎”๎˜๎„๎•๎—๎ˆ๎•๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎’๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎€‹United States v. Romero๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€˜๎€•๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€™๎€”๎€“๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€™๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€™๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎€‹๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎‹๎’๎—๎ˆ๎๎€ƒ๎•๎’๎’๎๎€ƒ๎š๎Œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎‡๎•๎˜๎Š๎€ƒ๎‡๎ˆ๎„๎๎ˆ๎•๎€Œ๎€Œ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ
๎ˆ๎‘๎Š๎„๎Š๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎„๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎’๎˜๎–๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎‹๎„๎™๎Œ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎—๎•๎„๎™๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎๎“๎„๎‘๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎€‹United States v. Patrick, ๎€›๎€œ๎€œ๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€•๎‡๎€ƒ๎€”๎€™๎€œ๎€ƒ
๎€‹๎€•๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€“๎€Œ๎€Œ๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎Š๎ˆ๎‘๎ˆ๎•๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎‹๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎Œ๎–๎—๎–๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ๎‚ณ๎–๎˜๎…๎–๎—๎„๎‘๎—๎Œ๎„๎๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎’๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ
๎„๎€ƒ๎๎’๎๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎„๎•๎œ๎€๎€ƒ ๎•๎„๎‘๎‡๎’๎๎€๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ ๎„๎“๎“๎„๎•๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎๎œ๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎‘๎’๎†๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎–๎–๎’๎†๎Œ๎„๎— ๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎—๎š๎ˆ๎ˆ๎‘๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‡๎ˆ๎‰๎ˆ๎‘๎‡๎„๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎Ž๎‘๎’๎š๎‘๎€ƒ ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ
๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€‘๎‚ด๎€ƒUnited States v. Martinez-Molina๎€๎€ƒ๎€™๎€—๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€š๎€”๎€œ๎€๎€š๎€•๎€š๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€”๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€”๎€œ๎€œ๎€˜๎€Œ๎€‘
ยง5:06 Probable Cause Not Found
๎€ค๎€ƒ๎•๎ˆ๎„๎‡๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎’๎‰๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎๎„๎š๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎„๎–๎Œ๎๎œ๎€ƒ๎๎ˆ๎„๎™๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎œ๎’๎˜๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎๎Œ๎ˆ๎™๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎—๎€ƒ๎๎˜๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎…๎’๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎œ๎—๎‹๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎‘๎–๎—๎Œ๎—๎˜๎—๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€๎€ƒ
๎…๎˜๎—๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎–๎’๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎•๎Œ๎Š๎‹๎—๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎’๎—๎–๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ซ๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎ˆ๎›๎„๎๎“๎๎ˆ๎–๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎’๎˜๎•๎—๎–๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎˜๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎๎„๎†๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€
โ€ข ๎€ท๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎‘๎’๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎€ƒ ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ๎“๎˜๎…๎๎Œ๎†๎€ƒ๎“๎„๎•๎Ž๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ๎๎’๎—๎€๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎š๎‹๎’๎€ƒ๎„๎“๎“๎•๎’๎„๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ ๎„๎€ƒ
๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎ˆ๎†๎—๎€ƒ๎˜๎‘๎‡๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎•๎™๎ˆ๎Œ๎๎๎„๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎†๎•๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎„๎๎€ƒ๎„๎†๎—๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎“๎’๎Ž๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎—๎’๎€ƒ๎‹๎Œ๎๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€ฒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎„๎‘๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎›๎Œ๎๎Œ๎—๎œ๎€ƒ๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎—๎Œ๎๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€๎€ƒ๎—๎‹๎ˆ๎•๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎š๎„๎–๎€ƒ
๎‘๎’๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎‡๎Œ๎™๎Œ๎‡๎˜๎„๎๎Œ๎๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎–๎˜๎–๎“๎Œ๎†๎Œ๎’๎‘๎€‘๎€ƒUnited States v. Collins๎€๎€ƒ๎€—๎€•๎€š๎€ƒ๎€ฉ๎€‘๎€–๎‡๎€ƒ๎€™๎€›๎€›๎€ƒ๎€‹๎€œ๎—๎‹๎€ƒ๎€ฆ๎Œ๎•๎€‘๎€ƒ๎€•๎€“๎€“๎€˜๎€Œ๎€‘
โ€ข ๎€ค๎€ƒ๎“๎ˆ๎•๎–๎’๎‘๎‚ถ๎–๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎ˆ๎–๎ˆ๎‘๎†๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎Œ๎‘๎€ƒ๎„๎€ƒ ๎‹๎’๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎…๎ˆ๎Œ๎‘๎Š๎€ƒ ๎–๎ˆ๎„๎•๎†๎‹๎ˆ๎‡๎€ƒ๎Œ๎–๎€ƒ ๎Œ๎‘๎–๎˜๎‰๎‚ฟ๎†๎Œ๎ˆ๎‘๎—๎€ƒ๎“๎•๎’๎…๎„๎…๎๎ˆ๎€ƒ๎†๎„๎˜๎–๎ˆ๎€ƒ ๎‰๎’๎•๎€ƒ๎„๎‘๎€ƒ ๎„๎•๎•๎ˆ๎–๎—๎€‘๎€ƒUnited States v.

Experience vLex's unparalleled legal AI

Access millions of documents and let Vincent AI power your research, drafting, and document analysis โ€” all in one platform.

Start a free trial

Start Your 3-day Free Trial of vLex and Vincent AI, Your Precision-Engineered Legal Assistant

  • Access comprehensive legal content with no limitations across vLex's unparalleled global legal database

  • Build stronger arguments with verified citations and CERT citator that tracks case history and precedential strength

  • Transform your legal research from hours to minutes with Vincent AI's intelligent search and analysis capabilities

  • Elevate your practice by focusing your expertise where it matters most while Vincent handles the heavy lifting

vLex

Start Your 3-day Free Trial of vLex and Vincent AI, Your Precision-Engineered Legal Assistant

  • Access comprehensive legal content with no limitations across vLex's unparalleled global legal database

  • Build stronger arguments with verified citations and CERT citator that tracks case history and precedential strength

  • Transform your legal research from hours to minutes with Vincent AI's intelligent search and analysis capabilities

  • Elevate your practice by focusing your expertise where it matters most while Vincent handles the heavy lifting

vLex

Start Your 3-day Free Trial of vLex and Vincent AI, Your Precision-Engineered Legal Assistant

  • Access comprehensive legal content with no limitations across vLex's unparalleled global legal database

  • Build stronger arguments with verified citations and CERT citator that tracks case history and precedential strength

  • Transform your legal research from hours to minutes with Vincent AI's intelligent search and analysis capabilities

  • Elevate your practice by focusing your expertise where it matters most while Vincent handles the heavy lifting

vLex

Start Your 3-day Free Trial of vLex and Vincent AI, Your Precision-Engineered Legal Assistant

  • Access comprehensive legal content with no limitations across vLex's unparalleled global legal database

  • Build stronger arguments with verified citations and CERT citator that tracks case history and precedential strength

  • Transform your legal research from hours to minutes with Vincent AI's intelligent search and analysis capabilities

  • Elevate your practice by focusing your expertise where it matters most while Vincent handles the heavy lifting

vLex