Sissoko v. Rocha

509 F.3d 947

Oumar SISSOKO; Julie Sissoko, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Loyda R. ROCHA; United States of America, Defendants-Appellants.

Oumar Sissoko, an individual; Julie Sissoko, an individual, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. Michael B. Mukasey, Attorney General of the United States; U.S. Immigration & Naturalization Service; Doris Meissner, formerly Commissioner, United States INS; Richard Rogers, District Director, United States INS; Four Unknown Named Officers, of the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service; United States; U.S. Public Health Services; Joseph Chen, MD; Unknown Named Employees of the United States Public Health Services, Defendants, and Loyda R. Rocha, Immigration Inspector, United States INS, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 02-56751.

No. 03-55667.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted March 1, 2004.

Filed November 15, 2007.

Robert M. Loeb, Richard A. Olderman and Anne Murphy, Civil Division, Appellate Staff, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for the defendants-appellants.

Martin Simone, Leonard M. Roos and Helen Wong, Frank, Greenberg, Simone & Stefanski, Los Angeles, CA, for the plaintiffs-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California; Audrey B. Collins, District Judge, Presiding. D.C. No. CV-98-07010-ABC.

Before: OTTO R. SKOPIL, JR., JOHN T. NOONAN, and MARSHA S. BERZON, Circuit Judges.

Opinion by Judge BERZON; Partial Concurrence and Partial Dissent by Judge SKOPIL.

ORDER

The opinion filed on March 16, 2006 is hereby withdrawn and replaced by this concurrently filed opinion. The petition for rehearing en banc is denied as moot.

OPINION

BERZON, Circuit Judge:

The factual and procedural background of these appeals is set out in our now-withdrawn opinion. See Sissoko v. Rocha, 440 F.3d 1145, 1149-53 (9th Cir. 2006). We adopt the "scope of review" section of our prior opinion, id. at 1153-54, and affirm the district court's denial of Rocha's motion under Fed.R.Civ.P. 59(e) with respect to her newly raised legal issue concerning Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388, 91 S.Ct. 1999, 29 L.Ed.2d 619 (1971).

Rocha contends that the district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over the Sissokos' Fourth Amendment-based damages claim for false arrest. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) ("Exclusive jurisdiction. Except as provided in this section and notwithstanding any other provision of law (statutory or nonstatutory), including section 2241 of title 28, United States Code, or any other habeas corpus provision, and sections 1361 and 1651 of such title, no court shall have jurisdiction to hear any cause or claim by or on behalf of any alien arising from the decision or action by the Attorney General to commence proceedings . . . against any alien under this Act."). Appended to Rocha's second petition for rehearing is a Form I-860 "Notice and Order of Expedited Removal." Rocha filled out the top half of the Form I-860, "Determination of Inadmissibility," but not the bottom half, "Order of Removal under Section 235(b)(1) of the Act." Why this happened is now evident: Sissoko indicated at his August 1997 inspection that he had a fear of persecution if returned to Senegal. Accordingly, Rocha was required to refer him for an interview by an asylum officer. See 8 C.F.R. § 235.3(b)(4) ("If an alien subject to the expedited removal provisions indicates an intention to apply for asylum, or expresses a fear of persecution or torture, or a fear of return to his or her country, the inspecting officer shall not proceed further with removal of the alien until the alien has been referred for an interview by an asylum officer. . . ."). At this juncture, the mandatory detention provision contained in 8 U.S.C. § 1225(b)(1)(B)(iii)(IV) applied: "Any alien subject to the procedures under this clause shall be detained pending a final determination of credible fear of persecution and, if found not to have such a fear, until removed."¹ Ultimately, Sissoko never had a credible fear interview because he was issued a Notice to Appear and placed in regular removal proceedings.

Considering these circumstances, particularly the existence in the record of a half-completed Form I-860, we conclude that Sissoko's detention arose from Rocha's decision to commence expedited removal proceedings. As a result, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) applies to the Sissokos' claim. Compare Wong v. U.S. INS, 373 F.3d 952, 964 (9th Cir.2004) ("Wong . . . disclaims any challenge to the execution of the removal itself, but rather asserts that her claims implicate only actions other than that removal, or the commencement of proceedings, if any, leading to that removal."). Moreover, we are not persuaded by the Sissokos' contention that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) must nevertheless be read to allow them a Bivens damages remedy for false arrest.

The Supreme Court has emphasized that "any freestanding damages remedy for a claimed constitutional violation has to represent a judgment about the best way to implement a constitutional guarantee; it is not an automatic entitlement no matter what other means there may be to vindicate a protected interest, and in most instances we have found a Bivens remedy unjustified." Wilkie v. Robbins, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 2588, 2597, 168 L.Ed.2d 389 (2007); see also AFGE Local 1 v. Stone, 502 F.3d 1027, 1036 (9th Cir.2007) (noting "the courts' general reluctance to allow damages as a judicially created remedy for constitutional torts"). Wilkie instructs us to examine "whether any alternative, existing process for protecting the interest amounts to a convincing reason for the Judicial Branch to refrain from providing a new and freestanding remedy in damages." 127 S.Ct. at 2598.

In this case, because Sissoko was never issued an expedited removal order, a habeas petition under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(2) could have been successful in remedying his allegedly false arrest.² In 1997, as now, that provision limited the remedies available to an alien in Sissoko's expedited removal situation to a habeas petition challenging:

(A) whether the petitioner is an alien,

(B) whether the petitioner was ordered removed under [the expedited removal] section, and

(C) whether the petitioner can prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the petitioner is an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence, has been admitted as a refugee . . . , or has been granted asylum. . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(2) (emphasis added); see also id. § 1252(e)(5) ("In determining whether an alien has been ordered removed under [the expedited removal section], the court's inquiry shall be limited to whether such an order in fact was issued and whether it relates to the petitioner.").³ If the district court had determined in such a habeas action that Sissoko was not "ordered removed" under the expedited removal section—as he was not, despite his being detained under those provisions—the statutory remedy would have been for the district court "to require that the petitioner be provided a [regular removal] hearing." Id. § 1252(e)(4).⁴ Such a hearing, as Sissoko's experience bears out, is the first step of full administrative and judicial review of an alien's inadmissibility determination, which was the underlying cause of Sissoko's being placed in expedited removal proceedings and detained. See id. ("Any alien who is provided a [regular removal] hearing pursuant to this paragraph may thereafter obtain judicial review of any resulting final order of removal . . . ."). Compare id. § 1252(e)(5) (stating that in a habeas petition regarding expedited removal proceedings "[t]here shall be no review of whether the alien is actually inadmissible").

In this limited context, we hold that 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g)'s jurisdiction-stripping language covers the Sissokos' false arrest claim. The claim directly challenges Rocha's decision to commence expedited removal proceedings, and an alternative habeas remedy directly addressing the claimed injury was available through 8 U.S.C. § 1252(e)(2). The only other circuit to have addressed the interaction of § 1252(g) and Bivens similarly stressed the importance of alternative remedies in precluding a damages action. See Humphries v. Various Federal USINS Employees, 164 F.3d 936, 945 (5th Cir.1999) ("Aliens wishing to raise [constitutional] challenges in the future should do so either in a petition for review or for habeas corpus."); see also Khorrami v. Rolince, 493 F.Supp.2d 1061, 1068-69 (N.D.Ill.2007) (following Humphries, while commenting that "I am not at all certain that this [Fourth Amendment cause of action] is the type of claim Congress sought to bar when it enacted § 1252(g)," and noting that "Dr. Khorrami had a remedy available to him: he could have raised his challenges in a petition for habeas corpus.").⁵ But see Medina v. United States, 92 F.Supp.2d 545, 554 (E.D.Va.2000) (rejecting Humphries' reasoning).

Our reading of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(g) is also consistent with Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee, 525 U.S. 471, 119 S.Ct. 936, 142 L.Ed.2d 940 (1999) ("AADC"). The plaintiffs in that case filed an action alleging constitutional violations based on the government's targeted deportations of members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. A damages remedy was not sought. Id. at 474 n. 3, 119 S.Ct. 936. After concluding that the claims fell within the ambit of § 1252(g), the Court did not end its inquiry, but proceeded to address whether the particular constitutional harms alleged justified reading the statute to allow the lawsuit. In holding that the AADC plaintiffs had not established that such a reading was required by the Constitution, the Court emphasized that "[w]hen an alien's continuing presence in this country is in violation of the immigration laws, the Government does not offend the Constitution by deporting him for the additional reason that it believes him to be a member...