State v. B.B.

492 P.3d 861

STATE of Washington, Respondent,

v.B.B., Appellant.

No. 37820-9-III

Court of Appeals of Washington, Division 3.

FILED AUGUST 3, 2021

Vitaliy Kertchen, Kertchen Law, PLLC, 917 S. 10th St., Tacoma, WA, 98405-4522, for Appellant(s).

Gregory Lee Zempel, Kittitas County Prosecuting Attorney, Stephanie Hartung, Kittitas County Prosecutor's Office, 205 W. 5th Ave., Ste. 213, Ellensburg, WA, 98926-2887, for Respondent(s).

PUBLISHED OPINION

Fearing, J.

¶ 1 B.B. seeks to restore his firearm rights. B.B., now an adult, filed his petition to restore in juvenile court and under the same cause number of his juvenile court adjudication, in which he lost his rights. The superior court, sitting as a juvenile court, denied the petition on the ground that B.B. needed to file a new action in superior court. We reverse and remand for the granting of the petition to restore firearm rights. We direct the superior court, on remand, to decide whether or not to seal the petition pleadings.

FACTS

¶ 2 Appellant B.B. was born on October 5, 1987. In 2004, Kittitas County Juvenile Court entered an adjudication against B.B., then sixteen years old, for committing the crime of felony harassment. As a result, B.B. lost his right to possess a firearm.

PROCEDURE

¶ 3 On August 21, 2020, B.B., then age 32, filed, under his juvenile court cause number, a motion to restore his firearm rights pursuant to RCW 9.41.040(4). B.B. also filed a motion to seal his juvenile record pursuant to RCW 13.50.260. The motion to seal does not appear in our record. On September 25, 2020, the trial court granted the motion to seal.

¶ 4 In his brief in support of his motion to regain firearm rights, B.B. argued that the trial court should approve of his filing the motion under the same juvenile cause number as his original adjudication. If granted this permission from the court, B.B. could have his firearm rights restored in juvenile court and presumably the order restoring rights would be sealed.

¶ 5 The State of Washington contested B.B.’s motion to restore firearm rights. The State argued that the juvenile court did not have the authority to restore B.B.’s right to possess a firearm after he reached age 18 because the court lost jurisdiction to entertain a petition from an adult. The State also contended that permitting an adult to file a petition for restoration of firearm rights under RCW 9.41.040(4)(b) in a sealed juvenile case circumvented Washington State constitutional safeguards, General Rule 15, and established case law. According to the State, the court, before sealing a petition for restoration of firearm rights, must consider the five factors outlined in Seattle Times v. Ishikawa , 97 Wash.2d 30, 640 P.2d 716 (1982). The State also highlighted that restoring firearm rights in the original sealed juvenile criminal file precluded notice to the public of the restoration.

¶ 6 In response to B.B.’s motion for restoration of firearm rights, the State further maintained that the juvenile court should follow the local practice of the Kittitas County Superior Court clerk that requires a petitioner seeking to restore firearm rights to file a separate civil cause of action and to pay a $240 filing fee pursuant to RCW 36.18.020(2)(a), (c). According to the State, the county practice promoted judicial efficiency as a petitioner could file a single petition with supporting documents and obtain a single order restoring firearm rights that would reference all criminal convictions in the county regardless of the number of cause numbers, in which the convictions rested. The trial court adopted all of the State's arguments and denied B.B.’s motion to restore firearm rights.

LAW AND ANALYSIS

¶ 7 On appeal, B.B. continues to seek restoration of his firearm rights. This quest raises numerous issues. First, may an adult file a petition for restoration of firearm rights in juvenile court, when the juvenile court revoked the rights at the time that the petitioner was a juvenile? Second, may a superior court clerk adopt a practice that binds a petitioner to file a motion to restore firearm rights under a new civil action cause number and to pay a $240 filing fee? Third, assuming the adult may file a petition in juvenile court, may the pleadings and order be sealed?

Filing in Juvenile Court

¶ 8 Before the superior court, the State contended that the juvenile court lacked jurisdiction to entertain a petition to restore firearm rights when the petitioner is eighteen years of age or older. On appeal, the State does not expressly assert this position. Instead, the State focuses on the incongruity of any petition and order restoring rights potentially being sealed in juvenile court. The State objects, on constitutional grounds and other grounds, to the juvenile court handling the petition because of the implications of sealing the records. We, nonetheless, review the juvenile court's authority to entertain a petition to restore firearm rights. We will later address any complications attended to sealing the petition and order.

¶ 9 B.B. relies on RCW 9.41.040(4) for the proposition that he may present his petition to restore firearm rights in juvenile court. The statute reads in relevant part:

(a) ... if a person is prohibited from possession of a firearm ..., the individual may petition a court of record to have his or her right to possess a firearm restored:

(i) Under RCW 9.41.047....

(b) An individual may petition a court of record to have his or her right to possess a firearm restored under (a) of this subsection only at :

(i) The court of record that ordered the petitioner's prohibition on possession of a firearm; or

(ii) The superior court in the county in which the petitioner resides.

(Emphasis added.)

¶ 10 Under RCW 9.41.040(4), only courts of record may entertain a petition to restore firearm rights. Pursuant to Article IV, section 11 of the Washington State Constitution, "[t]he supreme court and the superior courts shall be courts of record, and the legislature shall have power to provide that any of the courts of this state, excepting justices of the peace, shall be courts of record." The legislature has expressly confirmed that "superior courts are courts of record." RCW 2.08.030.

¶ 11 Chapter 13.04 RCW establishes juvenile courts. Juvenile courts have exclusive original jurisdiction over various cases involving juveniles, including matters relating to certain offenses committed by juveniles. RCW 13.04.030(1)(e). The juvenile court, established in chapter 13.04 RCW, is not an independent court. The juvenile court functions as "a division of the superior court." RCW 13.04.021(1) ; State v. Maynard , 183 Wash.2d 253, 263, 351 P.3d 159 (2015). The juvenile court acts as the superior court sitting in juvenile court session. State v. Posey , 174 Wash.2d 131, 141, 272 P.3d 840 (2012) ; State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d 943, 948, 466 P.3d 1147 (2020). Because the superior court is a court of record and the juvenile court is a division of the superior court, the juvenile court necessarily must also be a court of record. State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d 943, 949, 466 P.3d 1147 (2020). Accordingly, the juvenile court possesses authority under RCW 9.41.040(4)(b)(i) to consider a petition to restore a right to possess a firearm. State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d at 949, 466 P.3d 1147.

¶ 12 RCW 9.41.040(4)(b)(i) not only authorizes a petition to restore rights to be filed in juvenile court, but also permits the petitioner to file under the same juvenile court cause numbers as his original adjudications even though he is no longer a juvenile. State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d 943, 949, 466 P.3d 1147 (2020). Nothing in RCW 9.41.040(4)(b)(i) suggests that the petitioner must be a juvenile in order to file the petition in juvenile court. State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d 943, 950, 466 P.3d 1147. Generally, the authority over a juvenile by the juvenile court ends when the person reaches the age of 18. State v. Dion , 160 Wash.2d 605, 609, 159 P.3d 404 (2007). Nevertheless, regardless of the limits of the juvenile court's statutory jurisdiction, the superior court holds jurisdiction to grant a petition to restore rights based on the general constitutional jurisdiction of superior courts. State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d 943, 950, 466 P.3d 1147 (2020).

¶ 13 We plagiarized much of the law we have cited from Division Two's recent decision in State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d 943, 466 P.3d 1147 (2020). In Burke , the court held that 32-year-old Ross Burke could file his petition to restore his right to possess a firearm in the juvenile court, in which he was adjudicated to have committed crimes. We are not bound by stare decisis to a Division Two opinion. In re Personal Restraint of Arnold , 190 Wash.2d 136, 151, 410 P.3d 1133 (2018). Nevertheless, we adopt the persuasive reasoning and the holding in State v. Burke as our own.

¶ 14 The State contends that the petition to restore firearm rights constitutes a "civil matter." Br. of Resp't at 4. This characterization is awkward since the petitioner can file not only in the superior court of record, but also in the same cause number as the earlier felony conviction, which number would be a criminal file. State v. Burke , 12 Wash. App. 2d 943, 946, 949, 466 P.3d 1147 (2020) ; State v. Manuel , 14 Wash. App. 2d 455, 458, 471 P.3d 265 (2020). Regardless, the State does not enlighten us as to how labeling the petition as civil in nature should change our analysis.

¶ 15 The State, in B.B.’s appeal, does not directly attack the analysis in State v. Burke , but rather underscores that Burke did not address the conundrum created by the juvenile court being authorized to seal its file. We deem this predicament to raise a distinct legal question unrelated to the prerogative held by the adult to petition the juvenile court to restore firearm rights earlier revoked by the juvenile court.

County Practice

¶ 16 Despite RCW 9.41.040(4) authorizing the petitioner to file the...