State v. Shaffer

499 P.3d 458 (Table)

STATE of Kansas, Appellee,

v.Dennis Lee SHAFFER, Appellant.

No. 119,738

Supreme Court of Kansas.

Opinion filed November 19, 2021.

Jennifer C. Roth, of Kansas Appellate Defender Office, argued the cause, and was on the briefs for appellant.

Kendall Kaut, assistant district attorney, argued the cause, and Shawn E. Minihan, assistant district attorney, Stephen M. Howe, district attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, were on the brief for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by Per Curiam

In March 2021, we heard argument in this case and considered State v. Davidson , No. 119,759, on the summary calendar docket. Shaffer and Davidson both challenged the Kansas Offender Registration Act (KORA), K.S.A. 22-4901 et seq., arguing that retroactive application of KORA violates the Ex Post Facto Clause of Article I, § 10 of the United States Constitution.

On September 17, 2021, we issued a decision in Davidson , in which a majority of this court reaffirmed our holding in State v. Petersen-Beard , 304 Kan. 192, 377 P.3d 1127 (2016), that KORA is nonpunitive and that mandatory lifetime postrelease registration under KORA does not constitute punishment for purposes of applying provisions of the Ex Post Facto Clause. State v. Davidson , 314 Kan. 88, 495 P.3d 9 (2021). We had the briefing in Shaffer and considered it when we decided Davidson .

After we issued our opinion in Davidson , we ordered Shaffer to show cause why his case should not be summarily affirmed under Supreme Court Rule 7.041(a) (2021 Kan. S. Ct. R. 48), as Davidson and Petersen-Beard appear to be dispositive. In response, Shaffer argues that Davidson is not dispositive because his petition for review and supplemental brief presented more caselaw, more research, and more data to show that Petersen-Beard was wrongly decided in 2016.

The substance of Shaffer's supplemental brief is 25 pages long. Shaffer dedicates almost half of the brief to legislative history relating to the offender registration statutes in Kansas. The second half of his brief relies mainly on the majority analysis in Doe v. Thompson , 304 Kan. 291, 328, 373 P.3d 750 (2016), overruled by Petersen-Beard , and Justice Johnson's dissent in Petersen-Beard . Shaffer, like the Thompson majority did, points out several differences between the Alaska registration scheme analyzed in Smith v. Doe , 538 U.S. 84, 123 S. Ct. 1140, 155 L. Ed. 2d 164 (2003), and the stricter requirements of KORA. Shaffer attached to his supplemental brief almost 75 pages of exhibits, which set forth in detail the changes to the offender registration statutes from 1994 to 2011 and legislative testimony from 2011 related to those changes.

Shaffer's petition for review, supplemental brief, and attachments in support of his request to overturn the Petersen-Beard position were considered by this court. Other litigants had brought much of the information to the court's attention. In his petition for review, he cites to four post-Petersen-Beard cases holding that retroactive application of a particular state's registration requirements violates the Ex Post Facto Clause. See Does #1-5 v. Snyder, 834 F.3d 696, 705-06 (6th Cir. 2016) (holding that retroactive application of Michigan's sex offender registration laws as applied to plaintiffs was punitive and thus violated federal Ex Post Facto Clause), cert. denied 138 S. Ct. 55 (2017) ; Doe v. Rausch , 382 F. Supp. 3d 783, 799-800 (E.D. Tenn. 2019) (holding that retroactive application of Tennessee lifetime offender registration requirement as applied to plaintiff was punitive and thus violated Ex Post Facto Clause); Millard v. Rankin , 265 F. Supp. 3d 1211, 1231 (D. Colo. 2017) (holding that Colorado's offender registration laws as applied to plaintiffs constituted punishment for Eighth Amendment purposes), Commonwealth v. Muniz , 640 Pa. 699, 706, 164 A.3d 1189 (2017) (holding that retroactive application of SORNA's registration provisions to defendant was punitive and thus violated Ex Post Facto Clause).

We begin by noting that two of the four cases cited by Shaffer in his petition for review no longer stand for the legal proposition that retroactive offender registration requirements are punitive and violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. The district court's decision on this issue in Millard v. Rankin was reversed and vacated by the Tenth Circuit in Millard v. Camper , 971 F.3d 1174, 1181-84 (10th Cir. 2020) (finding insufficient proof of punitive effect on plaintiffs). And although the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in Muniz held that retroactive application of the registration requirement as applied to the offender was punitive and violated the Ex Post Facto Clause, the Pennsylvania legislature later amended the statute. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court later held that the registration requirements in the amended statute were not punitive in effect and retroactive application did not violate the Ex Post Facto Clause. Commonwealth v. Lacombe , ––– Pa. ––––, 234 A.3d 602, 605-06 (2020).

The remaining two cases cited by Shaffer in his petition for review do not help his cause. In Snyder , one of the effects of the Michigan statute that the Sixth Circuit graphically described (with the aid of a map of the extensive areas of Grand Rapids, Michigan, that the law rendered off-limits to sex offenders) is that Michigan's law so restricted where sex offenders may live, work, and loiter that "many of the [p]laintiffs have had trouble finding a home in which they can legally live or a job where they can legally work." 834 F.3d at 698, 702. In Rausch , the court relied on specific and detailed facts presented to the trial court by plaintiff in his as-applied challenge to retroactive application of the lifetime registration requirement in Tennessee:

"Prior to his request to be removed from the Registry, the Plaintiff held a good job as a sales representative, which required that he make deliveries within a varying geographical area. Plaintiff was ‘completely straight’ with his employer, who was aware of plaintiff's status on the Registry. The company made accommodations for deliveries to places that Plaintiff could not go, such as schools, to be handled by other employees. However, when Plaintiff learned that he would not be removed from the Registry, his employer was no longer willing to continue those accommodations indefinitely and Plaintiff was terminated.

"In addition to the job loss, Plaintiff testified that he is not able to attend many family functions that take place in a park or to travel out of state without receiving advance permission from both Tennessee and the visiting state. Plaintiff is not allowed to decorate his house for holidays such as Halloween or Christmas. Plaintiff complains that his picture is published in certain local newspapers sold at convenience stores—"a Thrifty Nickel-type deal"—that includes a section on individuals listed on the Registry. Finally, Plaintiff complains that his status as a sex offender is listed on his photo identification." Rausch , 382 F. Supp. 3d at 789-90.

Unlike the fact-intensive nature of the two cases cited above, Shaffer did not provide any evidence to the district court to...