Tamika B. v. Pamela C.

187 A.D.3d 1332

134 N.Y.S.3d 489

In the Matter of TAMIKA B., Appellant,

v.PAMELA C. et al., Respondents.

(And Another Related Proceeding.)

528402

Supreme Court, Appellate Division, Third Department, New York.

Calendar Date: September 16, 2020

Decided and Entered: October 22, 2020

Michelle I. Rosien, Philmont, for appellant.

Palmer J. Pelella, Binghamton, attorney for the child.

Michelle E. Stone, Vestal, attorney for the child.

Before: Garry, P.J., Egan Jr., Lynch, Mulvey and Reynolds Fitzgerald, JJ.

MEMORANDUM AND ORDER

Mulvey, J. Appeal from an order of the Family Court of Broome County (Young, J.), entered December 21, 2018, which, among other things, dismissed petitioner's application, in a proceeding pursuant to Family Ct Act article 6, to modify a prior order of custody and visitation.

Petitioner (hereinafter the mother) and respondent Brandon D. (hereinafter the father) have two children in common (born in 2006 and 2008). In April 2014, when the mother was involved in an abusive relationship and facing felony criminal charges for welfare fraud and grand larceny, she requested that respondent Pamela C. (hereinafter the grandmother), the subject children's paternal grandmother, take the children to reside with her. As a result, the children went to live with the grandmother in Ohio, where the father also resided at the time. The mother entered a plea on her criminal charges, was sentenced to a period of incarceration and served part of that sentence at the Willard drug treatment program. In December 2014, while the mother was still at Willard, the mother, the father and the grandmother consented to an order whereby they shared joint legal custody of the subject children, with the grandmother having primary physical custody. The order permitted each party the right to file a petition in or after June 2015 "without demonstrating a further change in circumstances."

The mother was released to parole supervision later in December 2014. In June 2015, she filed a petition seeking primary physical custody of the children. Following a hearing, Family Court continued the children's physical placement with the grandmother and set forth a schedule of parenting time for the mother. Upon the mother's appeal, this Court reversed and remitted the matter to Family Court for an expedited hearing because that court failed to address whether extraordinary circumstances existed and, in light of the mother's then-new felony drug-related criminal charge, the record was not sufficiently developed for this Court's independent review of that threshold question ( 151 A.D.3d 1220, 1221, 56 N.Y.S.3d 616 [2017] ).

Around the same time as the remittal, the mother filed a violation petition alleging that the grandmother interfered with the mother's telephone contact with the children and was refusing to bring them to New York for a visit during July 2017. The mother unsuccessfully moved for the court's recusal. After a continued fact-finding hearing, Family Court found that extraordinary circumstances existed at the time of the filing of the subject modification petition and continued to exist, and that it was in the children's best interests to remain in the sole custody of the grandmother in Ohio and for the mother to have parenting time with the children monthly in Ohio and twice a year in New York. Further, the court dismissed the mother's violation petition, finding that, although the grandmother violated the prior order, her violation was not willful. The mother appeals.

Regarding the recusal motion, Family Court at times allowed the grandmother to speak out of turn and sometimes addressed her directly, instead of through counsel. On several occasions, however, the court stopped the grandmother and required her to moderate her behavior. According to an affidavit by the mother's counsel and a letter to Family Court, following a September 2017 appearance, the grandmother approached the bench without the court's invitation and engaged in conversation, during which she spoke with the court in familiar tones and patted his head. Although the court invited the mother's attorney to the bench and the grandmother's attorney was present, the other parties and counsel had left the courtroom. Inasmuch as the mother, the pro se father and the attorneys for the children were not present, this conversation –with less than all of the parties or their counsel – constituted an ex parte communication that the court should have terminated and refused to participate in (see 22 NYCRR 100.3 [B][6] ). Despite the court's handling of this situation, as the mother's counsel was present and wrote to all counsel conveying this conversation, and nothing of substance was discussed, the record does not disclose any prejudice to the mother. The record indicates that any adjournments granted by the court were not intended for the grandmother's tactical advantage, as her requests were supported by medical documentation (see Matter of Flanigan v. Smyth, 148 A.D.3d 1249, 1253, 50 N.Y.S.3d 572 [2017], lv dismissed and denied 29 N.Y.3d 1046, 56 N.Y.S.3d 507, 78 N.E.3d 1192 [2017] ). "[I]nasmuch as there was no showing of a statutory basis for disqualification (see Judiciary Law § 14 ) or that the court was biased or prejudiced against the mother, Family Court did not abuse its discretion in denying the mother's recusal motion" ( Matter of Kanya J. v. Christopher K., 175 A.D.3d 760, 764, 108 N.Y.S.3d 474 [2019], lvs denied 34 N.Y.3d 905, 906, 115 N.Y.S.3d 772, 773, 139 N.E.3d 393, 394 [2019]; see Matter of Moore v. Palmatier, 115 A.D.3d 1069, 1070, 982 N.Y.S.2d 191 [2014] ).

Family Court's custody and parenting time awards are supported by a sound and substantial basis in the record. "A parent's claim to custody of his or her children is superior to that of all others absent a showing of surrender, abandonment, persistent neglect, unfitness, an extended disruption of custody or other like extraordinary circumstances" ( Matter of Mary D. v. Ashley E., 158 A.D.3d 1022, 1023, 71 N.Y.S.3d 190 [2018] [citation omitted]; see Matter of Suarez v. Williams, 26 N.Y.3d 440, 446, 23 N.Y.S.3d 617, 44 N.E.3d 915 [2015] ). "The extraordinary circumstances analysis must consider the cumulative effect of all issues present in a given case, including, among others, the length of time the child[ren] [have] lived with the nonparent, the quality of that relationship and the length of time the parent allowed such custody to continue without trying to assume the primary parental role" ( Matter of Peters v. Dugan, 141 A.D.3d 751, 753, 34 N.Y.S.3d 741 [2016] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Matter of Hawkins v. O'Dell, 166 A.D.3d 1438, 1440, 89 N.Y.S.3d 374 [2018] ). Extraordinary circumstances "can be established ... where the ... parent has relinquished custody of the child[ren] to a nonparent for an extended period of time and failed to utilize the opportunities to visit with the child[ren] or resume a parental role" ( Matter of Bohigian v. Johnson, 48 A.D.3d 904, 905, 851 N.Y.S.2d 302 [2008] [citations omitted] ). "The nonparent bears the heavy burden of establishing extraordinary circumstances"; if that burden is met, the court must then determine what custodial arrangement is in the children's best interests ( Matter of Thompson v. Bray, 148 A.D.3d 1364, 1365, 51 N.Y.S.3d 635 [2017] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Matter of Hawkins v. O'Dell, 166 A.D.3d at 1440, 89 N.Y.S.3d 374 ).

In addition to previous times when the mother had handed the children over to the grandmother for extended periods, the mother asked the grandmother to take physical custody of the children in April 2014 and consented to a court order memorializing that arrangement in December 2014. The mother first attempted to regain physical custody when she filed the instant custody petition in June 2015. Family Court orders permitted the mother to visit with the children every month in Ohio, yet as of the 2018 hearing she had only exercised that option once. Although the mother argues that the trip to Ohio would cause her financial hardship, the father and the grandmother had testified that they would pay for a hotel room and half of her transportation costs for such visits. The record does not indicate that the mother ever asked them to assist her as they had offered. Despite the prior order allowing for two visits per year in New York, the mother apparently agreed to forgo her second visit in 2016. Testimony regarding phone contact was wildly contradictory, but the grandmother and her housemate – both of whom Family Court generally found credible – testified that the mother called sporadically, approximately once every three months. Only in the last few months before the final hearing had the mother begun calling the children regularly.

Testimony in late 2015 and early 2016 indicated that the mother was doing well on parole, yet she later admitted that in mid–2016 – while she was pregnant with her fifth child and still on parole – she sold heroin approximately three times, one of which led to her 2017 felony conviction. That felony drug sale occurred either while the subject children were visiting her or within a few days after the visit ended. That criminal charge and conviction required the mother to spend approximately 90 days in jail and five years on probation. While she was in jail, two of the mother's other children lived with a friend. The mother moved frequently, including three times in eight months, and admitted that her lifestyle, even since 2016, shows her instability.

The mother also testified that, prior to late 2015, she was diagnosed with ADHD, anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress disorder and her mental health was unstable. She voluntarily engaged in counseling, but terminated it in October 2016 and began with a new counselor in mid–2017. The mother refused to take medication for her conditions, and she did not believe that the younger child needed...