U.S. v. Cruz

595 F.3d 744

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Hector CRUZ, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 08-4194.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued January 26, 2010.

Decided February 11, 2010.

Stephen A. Kubiatowski, Attorney (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Johanna M. Christiansen, Attorney (argued), Richard H. Parsons, Attorney Office of the Federal Public Defender, Peoria, IL, for Defendant-Appellant.

Before BAUER, POSNER, and KANNE, Circuit Judges.

POSNER, Circuit Judge.

Hector Cruz challenges his 10-year mandatory-minimum sentence for conspiring to sell illegal drugs. 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). He had previously been convicted in an Illinois state court of a state drug offense that the parties agree was "relevant conduct" in the federal prosecution, relevant conduct being defined as actions "that were part of the same course of conduct or common scheme or plan as the offense of conviction." U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(2). Although he was released (on parole) from state prison before being sentenced for the federal offense, he argues that the 18 months he served in state prison should be deducted from his 10-year federal sentence.

The government agrees with Cruz and has confessed error on the district court. We do not agree; nor do federal prosecutors in other districts. See United States v. Ramirez, 252 F.3d 516, 518 (1st Cir. 2001); Brief for the United States in United States v. Wint, No. 04-4307 (2d Cir. May 16, 2005), 2005 WL 3948487, at *30-31. A defendant may be given a sentence below a statutory minimum only if he either has rendered substantial assistance to the government or satisfies specified criteria designed to mitigate a harsh sentence for a drug offense. 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(e), (f). Neither ground is available to Cruz.

But when a defendant is convicted of two or more crimes arising from the same course of conduct, the judge may (with immaterial exceptions) impose concurrent sentences; if the sentences are imposed by different judges, the later-sentencing judge can impose a concurrent sentence. 18 U.S.C. § 3584. (On the complexities involved in concurrent federal and state prison sentences, unnecessary to address in this case, see Romandine v. United States, 206 F.3d 731, 737-39 (7th Cir. 2000).) The district judge could have imposed a concurrent sentence in this case had Cruz not already been released from state custody. But he had; and although he was paroled rather than released unconditionally, his state sentence was "discharged" for purposes of deciding whether the federal judge could impose a concurrent sentence; and thus the judge could not. United States v. Pray, 373 F.3d 358 (3d Cir.2004), and cases cited there; see also Prewitt v. United States, 83 F.3d 812, 817-18 (7th Cir.1996).

If while Cruz still had 18 months to serve on his state sentence he had been sentenced on the federal charge, the district judge could have made the federal sentence run concurrently with the state sentence rather than begin when he completed that sentence. And then instead of facing imprisonment for a total of 10 years and 18 months he would be facing imprisonment for only 10 years. But since he had finished serving his state sentence when he received the federal sentence, there was no sentence to make his federal sentence concurrent with. What he is seeking is not a concurrent sentence but a sentencing reduction on account of a sentence previously served.

The government's confession of error is based on an excessively broad interpretation of our decision in United States v. Ross, 219 F.3d 592 (7th Cir.2000). The district judge in that case had made the defendant's sentence run concurrently with a state sentence for related conduct. He had served 34 months of his state sentence and we held that the judge could deduct that number of months from the federal sentence as long as the combined length of the state and federal prison sentences was not less than the federal statutory minimum.

The federal sentence was for a gun offense, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924, which provides that certain violators "shall be imprisoned ... not less than fifteen years," id., § 924(e)(1), and we pointed out that "the statute does not specify any particular way in which that imprisonment should be achieved." 219 F.3d at 595. The statute under which Cruz was sentenced provides in contrast that the offender "shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment which may not be less than 10 years." 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A) (emphasis added). The language does not permit a shorter sentence to be imposed unless one of the exceptions in 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(e) and (f) is available.

A further distinction between this case and Ross is that Ross's state prison term had not been fully served (discharged). The federal sentencing guidelines, which when Ross was decided were mandatory, "specif[ied] how undischarged terms of imprisonment should be taken into account to achieve the correct result," 219 F.3d at 595; see U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3(b)—namely by deduction of time served in prison pursuant to the state sentence. Application Note 2 to the guidelines section explained that such an adjustment was not a departure from the guidelines range, and we noted in Ross that a departure below a statutory minimum would be impermissible unless 18 U.S.C. §§ 3553(e) or (f) applied. 219 F.3d at 595. Cruz's state sentence was discharged, and United States v. Ramirez, supra, the only published decision on point, holds that a discharged sentence may not be used to reduce a statutory minimum sentence.

Later the Sentencing Commission added a note (originally Application Note 7, later renumbered 4; see also Policy Statement § 5K2.23) to section 5G1.3(b) that extends the section to discharged sentences. But the note explains that the way to take a discharged sentence into account in sentencing is by making a downward departure from the defendant's guideline range—and with inapplicable exceptions a statutory minimum blocks a downward departure that carries the sentence below the minimum. E.g., United States v. Forman, 553 F.3d 585, 588 (7th Cir.2009) (per curiam); United States v. Cooper, 461 F.3d 850, 856 (7th Cir.2006).

The result in Ross was tied to the undischarged character of the state sentence even more tightly than by the guidelines. The failure to subtract the time served on a nondischarged sentence would sometimes create arbitrary differences among offenders. Section 5G1.3 "operates to mitigate the possibility that the fortuity of two separate prosecutions will grossly increase a defendant's...