United States v. Quinones

DECISION & ORDER

LAWRENCE J. VILARDO, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

On December 10, 2019, the defendant, Victor Quinones, pleaded guilty to possessing with intent to distribute and distributing heroin (Count 1). Docket Items 26 (plea agreement), 54 (plea transcript). In the plea agreement, Docket Item 26, the government explicitly reserved its right to argue for an upward departure of the Sentencing Guidelines calculation because a death or serious injury resulted from Quinones's distribution of narcotics. See United States Sentencing Guidelines (“Guidelines” or “U.S.S.G.”) §§ 5K2.1, 5K2.2. The government contended that drugs sold by Quinones caused the death of L.O. just after midnight on May 30, 2019. Docket Item 42. This Court therefore conducted an evidentiary hearing on that issue on June 7 and 8, 2021. See Docket Items 67 (June 7, 2021 transcript), 68 (June 8, 2021 transcript). Post-hearing submissions from both sides were completed by August 30, 2021. See Docket Items 71, 75.

After hearing the testimony, reviewing the exhibits, and reading the submissions from both sides, this Court finds that the government has met its burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the death of L.O. resulted from heroin and fentanyl distributed by the defendant. The Court therefore concludes that an upward adjustment

of Quinones's Guidelines calculation may be appropriate under Guidelines section 5K2.1.

FACTS^[1]

CHLOE ELLIS

The first witness called at the hearing was Chloe Ellis, L.O.'s girlfriend. Docket Item 67 at 10. She testified that she and L.O. used heroin together from 2016 or 2017 until she went to rehab in 2019 because L.O. wanted her to “get clean.” Id. at 12-14, 63. They had two sources for narcotics: Chris Suarez and “David” or “Victor, ” who Ellis identified at the sentencing hearing as Quinones. Id. at 19. Ellis and L.O. bought drugs from whomever had more potent drugs or was available. Id. at 30. Suarez often had more potent drugs, but he was available only from noon until 2 p.m. and from 4 p.m. until 6 p.m.; Quinones, on the other hand, was available virtually 24/7. Id. at 31, 51, 61.

Ellis successfully completed rehab on April 25, 2019, and she believed that L.O. had stopped using heroin by then as well. Id. at 12-13, 48. When Ellis got home from work at about 7:30 p.m. on May 29, 2019, however, she saw that L.O.'s pupils were constricted and suspected that he was using again. Id. at 14-15. She asked L.O. whether he was, but he denied it and became angry, so she did not ask again. Id.

Ellis made dinner and then fell asleep; when she woke up a short time later, L.O. was gone. Id. at 16. He later returned and said that he had been grocery shopping, but

Ellis suspected that he was not being truthful with her. Id. at 16, 18. Ellis woke up a second time at about 11 p.m. and found L.O. installing an air conditioner. Id. at 16.

Shortly after midnight, Ellis woke up again. Id. This time she found L.O. lying unresponsive in the corner of the kitchen. Id. His body was stiff, and he had a spoon in his hand. Id. She called an ambulance, but it was too late: L.O. was dead. Id. at 16-17, 56-57.

DR. KATHERINE MALONEY

The Erie County Medical Examiner, Katherine Maloney, M.D., testified about the cause of L.O.'s death. Docket Item 68. Dr. Maloney based her conclusions on the autopsy report prepared by another doctor, Tara Mahar, M.D.; the investigation report by the on-scene investigator; the autopsy notes; and the toxicology report. Id. at 10. Dr. Maloney opined that the drug levels found in L.O.'s body were “sufficient to cause . . . death, ” and she concluded that the cause of death was a “drug overdose with fentanyl and heroin.” Id. at 37, 40-41. She also opined that L.O. died “relatively quickly” after having taken the drugs. Id. at 39.

SPECIAL AGENT CLINT WINTERS

FBI Special Agent Clint Winters testified about the investigation into L.O.'s death. Most important for the issue here, Winters went through the text messages and Facebook messenger conversations the day before L.O.'s death that were found on L.O.'s phone. Id. at 82-87, 152-160. Those messages established that L.O. had purchased $60 worth of drugs from Suarez around noon on May 29, 2019. Id. at 154-158.

But they also showed that later that day, L.O. and Quinones arranged a drug transaction. Id. at 84-85.

More specifically, at 9:24 p.m. on May 29, 2019, L.O. sent a text message to a phone that Quinones admitted in the plea agreement was his. Id. at 82-86; Docket Item 26 at ¶ 5b. The following exchange then took place between 9:24 p.m. and 9:41 p.m.:

L.O.: For sure ny bad. $40?

Quinones: [K] got 4 for [you]

L.O.: Cool now?

Quinones: [Y]ea

L.O.: 2 cool there in 3 minutes

Quinones: [W]at

L.O.: I[']m here

Quinones: Go to Jewet[t] [and] [H]old[e]n

L.O.: Try[i]ng to find it on gps

L.O.: Here in silver [H]onda

Docket Item 67 at 81 (admitting Government Hearing Exhibit 11 into evidence), 84-86, 90.

Winters also testified about the police report and what was recovered at the scene of L.O.'s death. Id. at 70-80. According to the police report, officers found L.O. lying on the kitchen floor; they also found syringes in the garbage, a spoon in L.O.'s left hand, a hypodermic needle on the floor near the body, and car keys next to his leg. Id. at 73-76. Winters testified that at the Medical Examiner's office, investigators found two bags of suspected narcotics in the clothes that L.O. was wearing. Id. at 76-79. The

contents of those bags were later tested and found to contain heroin and fentanyl. Id. And Winters said that the bags also were tested for DNA and that Quinones's DNA was found on them.^[2] Id. at 135.

DISCUSSION

Under Guidelines section 5K2.1, a court “may increase [a] sentence above the authorized guideline range” when “death resulted” from the relevant criminal conduct. Courts “use the preponderance of the evidence standard to determine whether death resulted.” United States v. Cordoboa-Murgas, 233 F.3d 704, 710 (2d Cir. 2000). Moreover, circumstantial evidence may be sufficient to prove that “death resulted” from a defendant's distributing drugs.^[3]

But even when it is more likely than not that death resulted from the defendant's conduct, courts retain broad “discretion” to decide “whether to depart and if so, by how much.” Id. In deciding whether to depart, courts consider factors like those used to distinguish culpability in a homicide, including “the defendant's state of mind and the degree of planning or preparation.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1. In deciding the appropriate level of increase, courts consider whether the death “was intended or knowingly risked[] and the extent to which the offense level for the offense of conviction . . . already reflects the risk of personal injury.” Id. “The text of [section 5K2.1] . . . makes clear that intent is not required [at the first step], referring to whether ‘death resulted' from the offense and directing courts to then consider for sentencing purposes ‘the extent to which death or serious injury was intended or knowingly risked.'” Russow, 2015 WL 1057513, at *3 (second emphasis added) (quoting U.S.S.G. § 5K2.1). In other words, “[t]he threshold determination depends only on the consequences of [the d]efendant's offense and his intent or lack thereof is considered as a mitigating or aggravating factor.” Id.

So the question now before this Court is simply whether the government has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that L.O.'s death resulted from relevant conduct connected to Quinones's offense. Stated another way, the Court will address only the threshold issue of whether death resulted from Quinones's relevant conduct and reserve the issues of whether to depart-and, if so, by how much-for sentencing. And in deciding whether to depart-and, if so, by how much-the Court will consider, among other things, how confident it is about its factual conclusion. See Cordoba-Murgas, 233 F.3d at 709; United States v. McCray, 7 F.4th 40, 49 (2d Cir. 2021) (“A district court should . . . consider[] the degree of proof satisfied beyond a preponderance [of the evidence] when exercising its discretion to decide whether and how much to depart.”).^[4]

There is little doubt that L.O.'s death resulted from a drug overdose: The Medical Examiner testified that the cause of death was a “drug overdose with fentanyl and heroin, ” Docket Item 68 at 40-41, and the defendant does not contest that L.O. died from an overdose, ^[5] Docket Item 75 at 6. The only real question is whether the drugs that caused L.O.'s death came from Quinones or from Suarez, the other dealer who

supplied drugs to L.O. And although it is a close question, the Court...