Chapter 48
for the
STATE OF UTAH
Updated and Revised by
Frank M. Hinman, Esq.
Nima E. Sohi, Esq.
Bingham McCutchen LLP
San Francisco, California
The Section of Antitrust Law thanks Ronald J. Ockey, Assistant Attorney General,
and James W. Palmer, Assistant Attorney General, Utah Attorney General’s Office,
for their review of this chapter.
The Section gratefully acknowledges Frederick W. Acker, Esq., Christopher B.
Hockett, Esq., Rianne Nolan, Esq., Harvey I. Saferstein, Esq., Karen Silverman, Esq.,
and Victoria Wong, Esq. for their work on this chapter in prior editions.
Utah 48-iii
CONTENTS
1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 1
1.a. Overview.......................................................................................... 1
1.b. Source of Law–Statutes and Other................................................... 1
1.c. History.............................................................................................. 1
1.d. Relation to Federal Law................................................................... 2
1.e. Remedies.......................................................................................... 3
1.f. Enforcement ..................................................................................... 4
2. The Per Se Rule and the Rule of Reason ....................................................... 4
3. Horizontal Agreements Other Than Group Boycotts .................................... 4
3.a. Price Fixing...................................................................................... 4
3.b. Market Allocation ............................................................................ 6
3.c. Customer Allocation ........................................................................ 6
3.d. Bid Rigging...................................................................................... 6
3.e. Covenants Not to Compete .............................................................. 6
4. Group Boycotts.............................................................................................. 7
4.a. Concerted Refusals to Deal.............................................................. 7
4.b. Expulsion or Exclusion from Membership in Trade
Associations or Other Groups .......................................................... 8
5. Resale Price Maintenance.............................................................................. 8
5.a. Generally.......................................................................................... 8
5.b. Monsanto Rule ................................................................................. 8
5.c. Impact of Leegin .............................................................................. 9
6. Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Intrabrand..................................................... 10
7. Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Interbrand..................................................... 10
8. Tying Arrangements .................................................................................... 11
9. Dual Distribution ......................................................................................... 12
10. Intracorporate Conspiracy............................................................................ 12
11. Monopolization............................................................................................ 12
12. Mergers........................................................................................................ 13
13. Discrimination & Other Single Firm Pricing Regulation ............................ 13
13.a. Price Discrimination ...................................................................... 13
13.a.1. Territorial or Locality Discrimination......................... 14
13.a.2. Buyer Liability ............................................................ 14
13.a.3. Meeting Competition Defense .................................... 14
13.a.4. Functional Classifications ........................................... 15
13.a.5. P reemption .................................................................. 15
13.a.6. O ther Defenses and Exemptions................................. 15
13.a.7. Brokerage .................................................................... 16
13.a.8. Secret P ayments or Allowances.................................. 16
13.a.9. P romotional Allowances and Services........................ 16
13.a.10. Sales Below Cost and Loss Leaders............................ 16
13.b. Price Gouging and MinimumPricing Statutes............................... 16
13.c. Specific Industry Rules .................................................................. 17
13.c.1. A lcohol and Beverages ............................................... 17
