Chapter 50
for the
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Updated and Revised by
Sean P. Duffy, Esq.
Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP
Washington, D.C.
The Section of Antitrust Law gratefully acknowledges Peter D. Isakoff, Esq., Carrie
M. Anderson, Esq., Barbara O. Bruckmann, Esq., Ray V. Hartwell III, Esq., Gregory
L. Kinzelman, Esq., Shari D. Leventhal, Esq., Holly Loiseau, Esq., and Mark D.
Wegener, Esq. for their work on this chapter in prior editions.
Virginia 50-iii
CONTENTS
1.
Introduction ................................................................................................... 1
1.a.
Overview ........................................................................................... 1
1.b.
Source of Law–Statutes and Other .................................................... 1
1.c.
History ............................................................................................... 2
1.d.
Relation to Federal Law .................................................................... 2
1.e.
Remedies ........................................................................................... 2
1.f.
Enforcement ...................................................................................... 3
2.
The Per Se Rule and the Rule of Reason ....................................................... 3
3.
Horizontal Agreements Other Than Group Boycotts .................................... 4
3.a.
Price Fixing ....................................................................................... 4
3.b.
Market Allocation ............................................................................. 5
3.d.
Bid Rigging ....................................................................................... 5
3.e.
Covenants Not to Compete ............................................................... 6
4.
Group Boycotts .............................................................................................. 7
4.a.
Concerted Refusals to Deal ............................................................... 7
4.b.
Expulsion or Exclusion From Membership in Trade
Associations or Other Groups ........................................................... 8
5.
Resale Price Maintenance .............................................................................. 9
5.a.
Generally ........................................................................................... 9
5.b.
Monsanto Rule .................................................................................. 9
5.c.
Impact of Leegin ............................................................................. 10
6.
Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Intrabrand ..................................................... 10
7.
Nonprice Vertical Restraints–Interbrand ..................................................... 11
8.
Tying Arrangements .................................................................................... 11
9.
Dual Distribution ......................................................................................... 13
10.
Intracorporate Conspiracy............................................................................ 14
11.
Monopolization ............................................................................................ 14
11.a.
Monopolization ............................................................................... 14
11.b.
Attempts to Monopolize .................................................................. 15
11.c.
Monopoly Leveraging ..................................................................... 16
11.d.
Predatory Pricing ............................................................................. 16
11.e.
Conspiracy to Monopolize .............................................................. 16
12.
Mergers ........................................................................................................ 17
13.
Discrimination & Other Single Firm Pricing Regulation ............................ 17
13.a.
Price Discrimination ....................................................................... 17
13.a.1.
Territorial or Locality Discrimination ......................... 18
13.a.2.
Buyer Liability ............................................................ 18
13.a.3.
Meeting Competition Defense .................................... 18
13.a.4.
Functional Classifications ........................................... 18
13.a.5.
Preemption .................................................................. 18
13.a.6.
Other Defenses and Exemptions ................................. 18
13.a.7.
Brokerage .................................................................... 19
13.a.9.
Promotional Allowances and Services ........................ 19
13.a.10.
Sales Below Cost and Loss Leaders............................ 20
