Weeks, Inc. v. Lewis

335 So.3d 1049

WEEKS, INC. and D&W Tire and Muffler Company, Inc.

v.Gregory E. LEWIS

NO. 2020-IA-01337-SCT

Supreme Court of Mississippi.

March 24, 2022

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS: ROBERT S. MINK, GEORGE MARTIN STREET, JR., MELTON JAMES WEEMS, Jackson

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: TAMEKIA ROCHELLE GOLIDAY, DELANO FUNCHES, Jackson

BEFORE RANDOLPH, C.J., MAXWELL AND BEAM, JJ.

MAXWELL, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1. This is an interlocutory appeal of the denial of a motion to transfer venue. The Hinds County Circuit Court denied the motion of Weeks, Inc., to transfer venue to Madison County, even though neither Mississippi defendant—both corporations—has its principal place of business in Hinds County. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-11-3(1)(a)(i) (Rev. 2019). Nor did any substantial alleged act or event causing the alleged injuries occur in Hinds County. Id. What the circuit court did was base its ruling on Weeks's corporate filings with the Mississippi Secretary of State, which listed a Hinds County address as Weeks's principal address.

¶2. But affidavits and other documents submitted with Weeks's motion to transfer venue showed this was not Weeks's address. Rather the address belonged to an outside certified public accountant who handles Weeks's correspondence and filings with the Secretary of State. Weeks conducts no business from this location. Instead, it solely operates out of its Madison County location. Still, the plaintiff, Gregory E. Lewis, asks this Court to hold that Weeks's corporate filings are conclusive evidence of the corporation's principal place of business. But the "principal place of business," for venue purposes, is the actual place of business. Smith v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co. , 214 So. 3d 272, 277 (Miss. 2017) (applying Miss. Code Ann. § 11-11-3(1)(a)(i) ). It is the corporation's "nerve center"—the single place that usually is the corporation's main headquarters. Id. at 275, 277 (quoting Hertz Corp. v. Friend , 559 U.S. 77, 93, 130 S. Ct. 1181, 175 L.Ed. 2d 1029 (2010) ). It is where the corporation is —and not merely where the corporation's filing says it is.

¶3. Lewis concedes, in his own words, that the "actual physical location" where Weeks conducts its business is in Madison County. That is its principal place of business. And that is where venue lies according to Section 11-11-3(1)(a)(i). Thus, the circuit court abused its discretion by denying Weeks's motion to transfer venue. We reverse and remand to the trial court with instructions to transfer this case to the Madison County Circuit Court.

Background Facts & Procedural History

¶4. Lewis based his personal-injury suit on a wreck that occurred out of state in Illinois. Lewis was driving a truck for his employer, Weeks, when one of the tires blew out, causing a collision with another vehicle. The tire had been purchased in Mississippi from D&W Tire and Muffler Co.

¶5. Lewis named five defendants in his action, only two of which are located in Mississippi. One of them, Weeks, according to the complaint, had its "principal office address" in the city of Jackson. The other was D&W Tire, which was located in Philadelphia, Mississippi.¹ Still, Lewis filed his complaint in Hinds County Circuit Court, alleging that "venue is proper in ... Hinds County, Mississippi, in that the Defendant is a corporation with its principal place of business in Hinds County, Mississippi."

¶6. Weeks responded with a motion to transfer venue. In this motion, Weeks asserted that neither Mississippi defendant had its principal place of business in Hinds County. Weeks was actually located in Madison County, Mississippi, and D&W Tire in Neshoba County, Mississippi. Because venue would be proper in either of those counties under Section 11-11-3(1)(a)(i) —but not Hinds County—Weeks requested Lewis's suit be transferred to the Madison County Circuit Court. D&W Tire joined this motion.

¶7. When considering a motion to transfer venue, " ‘courts begin with the well-pleaded allegations of the complaint,’ which may be ‘supplemented—and contested—by affidavits or other evidence in cognizable form.’ " Weir v. Mayze , 287 So. 3d 941, 944 (Miss. 2020) (quoting Flight Line, Inc. v. Tanksley , 608 So. 2d 1149, 1155 (Miss. 1992) ). Lewis's complaint alleged Weeks's "principal office address" was the Hinds County address provided to the Secretary of State. But Weeks contested that allegation. It supported its motion with two affidavits.

¶8. In the first affidavit, Weeks's president, Steven Weeks, attested that the corporation's physical location has been in Madison County since 2006. In the second affidavit, Weeks's certified public accountant, Ronald Russell, explained that the address in Lewis's complaint for Weeks was actually the address of his CPA firm. Russell had provided this address to the Secretary of State's office as Weeks's principal address. Russell did this so all corporate filings and correspondence would come directly to him. But according to Russell, "[n]o one directly affiliated with Weeks, Inc. ever conducted business operations at my office address in Jackson, Mississippi."

¶9. Weeks also provided a warranty deed and tax records showing Russell's LLC owned the property located at the Hinds County address listed in the complaint. Weeks further provided its real property lease and a utility bill showing Weeks operated its business on Highway 51 in Madison County.

¶10. Weeks later supplemented its motion with evidence that Lewis was aware his employer was located in Madison County. This evidence consisted of: (1) a second affidavit by Steven Weeks stating that, "[d]uring his employment, Gregory Lewis came to the office at 965 Highway 51, Madison, on a regular basis to pick up paperwork and to turn in paperwork related to deliveries he made as a driver"; and (2) a copy of Lewis's petition to controvert, filed with the Mississippi Workers’ Compensation Commission, in which Lewis listed Weeks's address as being in Madison County.

¶11. The trial court held a hearing on the motion to transfer. At this hearing, Lewis argued that he had relied on Weeks being in Hinds County based on the address provided to the Secretary of State. And even though Weeks is really located in Madison County, Lewis asserted Weeks should not be able to say to the court it is located there.

¶12. The trial court denied the motion to transfer. And this Court granted Weeks's petition for permission to file an interlocutory appeal. The trial court's fact-based decision that venue is proper in Hinds County is a discretionary ruling entitled to deferential review. Weir , 287 So. 3d at 943.

Discussion

¶13. "Of right, the plaintiff selects among the permissible venues, and his choice must be sustained unless in the end there is no factual basis for the claim of venue." Flight Line, Inc. , 608 So. 2d at 1155 (footnote omitted). "The permissible venues for a plaintiff to select from are controlled by statute." Taylor Constr. Co., Inc. v. Superior Mat Co., Inc. , 298 So. 3d 956, 958 (Miss. 2020). The particular statute applicable here directs that "[c]ivil actions of which the circuit court has original jurisdiction"—such as Lewis's action—"shall be commenced in the county where the defendant resides, or, if a corporation, in the county of its principal place of business, or in the county where a substantial alleged act or omission occurred or where a substantial event that caused the injury occurred."² Miss. Code. Ann. § 11-11-3(1)(a)(i).

I. Principal Place of Business

¶14. In this case, Lewis has never contended that a substantial act, omission, or event occurred in Hinds County, Mississippi. Instead, Lewis filed his action in Hinds County based on where he alleges Weeks's principal place of business is located. As defined by this Court, " ‘[p]rincipal place of business’ is a singular reference to a corporation's nerve center." Smith , 214 So. 3d at 277. It is "the single place that usually is the corporation's main headquarters." Id. at 275 (emphasis added) (citing Hertz Corp. , 559 U.S. at 93, 130 S.Ct. 1181 ).

¶15. Indisputably, neither Weeks nor D&W Tire is headquartered in Hinds County. At most, Weeks uses an outside CPA firm, unaffiliated with Weeks, with an office in Jackson. But from this fact it can hardly be said that the Jackson location is Weeks's "nerve center." And on appeal, Lewis concedes in his brief that "the actual physical location" of Weeks is in Madison County.

II. Judicial Notice

¶16. Still, Lewis asks that Weeks's principal place of business, for venue purposes, be determined instead "by its statements to the Secretary of State." In particular, Lewis asks this Court to take judicial notice that Weeks is located in Hinds County based on its corporate filings with the Secretary of State's office.

¶17. Of course, "[t]his Court may take judicial notice of the official records of the Secretary of State." May v. State , 240 Miss. 361, 365, 127 So. 2d 423, 426 (1961). But the cases Lewis cites—in which this Court or the Court of Appeals has taken judicial notice of Secretary of State records—have either noticed the fact that a corporation was never formed, e.g. , May , 127 So. 2d at 426, or noticed who owned a corporation in the absence of any record evidence, e.g , The Pennington Grp., LLC v. PriorityOne Bank , 228 So. 3d 880, 887 (Miss. Ct. App. 2017). This Court has never done what Lewis asks it to do—take judicial notice of a corporation's principal place of business for purposes of venue based on the principal address supplied to the Secretary of State. And the one venue case Lewis cites in support of his proposition actually cuts against his argument.³

¶18. In Bob Milner Rentals, Inc. v. Moon , 246 Miss. 326, 329-30, 149 So. 2d 473, 474 (1963), the plaintiff, Moon, made an argument similar to Lewis's. Moon filed her action in Hinds County against a Harrison County company based on a wreck that occurred in Harrison County. Moon said she did so because the defendant corporation never amended its corporate charter...