In re Johnson

408 B.R. 811

In re James Carl JOHNSON and Jennifer Louise Johnson, Debtors.

No. 08-43851-13-JWV.

United States Bankruptcy Court, W.D. Missouri.

July 6, 2009.

Garry Addam Fera, Costello, Davey & Fera, LLC, Kansas City, MO, for Debtors.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

JERRY W. VENTERS, Bankruptcy Judge.

Under § 1325(b)(1) of the Bankruptcy Code, if a trustee objects to the confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan — which he has in this case — a court may not approve the plan unless it provides that "all of the debtor's projected disposable income ... [is] applied to make payments to unsecured creditors under the plan."¹ The resolution of the Trustee's objection hinges on the definition of the term "unsecured creditors." The Debtors argue that this term encompasses both priority and non-priority unsecured creditors, and, consistent with this interpretation, they have proposed a Chapter 13 plan that provides for their disposable income to be shared between priority and non-priority creditors. The Trustee, on the other hand, contends that "unsecured creditors" refers to only non-priority unsecured creditors (more commonly referred to as general unsecured creditors) and, therefore, confirmation of the Debtors' plan should be denied.

For the reasons set out below, the Court holds that for purposes of § 1325(b)(1)(B), the term "unsecured creditors" refers to solely non-priority unsecured creditors. Consequently, the Trustee's motion to deny confirmation² of the Debtors' Chapter 13 plan will be granted.³

FACTUAL BACKGROUND

The facts are undisputed. The Debtors, James Carl Johnson and Jennifer Louise Johnson, filed a voluntary petition under Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code on September 17, 2008. The Debtors' income is above the median income for the State of Missouri. According to the Official Form B22C filed with their bankruptcy petition, the Debtors have $272.93 in monthly disposable income. Notably, the Debtors included an expense deduction of $172.04 for the payment of priority unsecured claims in calculating their disposable income. As of the date of the Trustee's objection, $9,945.80 in priority unsecured claims and $20,817.77 in non-priority unsecured claims have been filed.⁴

The latest iteration of the Debtors' Chapter 13 plan provides for a total payment of $11,280.60 to be distributed to priority and non-priority creditors. However, after the Debtors' attorney and other priority creditors are paid, nothing will be left for distribution to the non-priority unsecured creditors.⁵ On the other hand, if this amount is paid to only non-priority unsecured creditors, they will receive a dividend of approximately 54%.⁶

DISCUSSION

As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that the Debtors' plan cannot be confirmed for the simple reason that it does not provide for the payment of all of the Debtors' disposable income to "unsecured creditors," regardless of how that term is interpreted in § 1325(b)(1)(B). According to the Debtors' calculations (on Official form B22C), they have $272.93 in monthly disposable income. The Debtors' income is above the median for the State of Missouri, so the "applicable commitment period" over which they must pay this amount to unsecured creditors is sixty months.⁷ Therefore, the Debtors' plan would have to provide a minimum distribution of $16,375.80 ($272.93 × 60) to unsecured creditors. It fails to do this; as proposed, the Debtors' plan provides for a distribution of only $11,280.60, and that amount is insufficient under § 1325(b)(1)(B) to obtain confirmation over the Trustee's objection.

While confirmation of the Debtors' plan could be denied on this basis alone, the Court will address the Trustee's objection because: 1) it has merit, and 2) it provides the Court an opportunity to clarify an arguably murky provision of BAPCPA.⁸

1. The plain language of 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1)(B).

As noted above, the resolution of the Trustee's objection turns on the interpretation of the term "unsecured creditors" in 11 U.S.C. § 1325(b)(1)(B). Hence, the Court "begin[s] where all such inquiries begin: with the language of the statute itself."⁹

The relevant portion of § 1325(b)(1) provides:

(b)(1) If the trustee or the holder of an allowed unsecured claim objects to the confirmation of the plan, then the court may not approve the plan unless, as of the effective date of the plan—

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(B) the plan provides that all of the debtor's projected disposable income to be received in the applicable commitment period beginning on the date that the first payment is due under the plan will be applied to make payments to unsecured creditors under the plan.

Section 1325(b), as modified by Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA), is no stranger to controversy. Most notably, the meaning of the phrase "projected disposable income" has been, and continues to be, the subject of much debate.¹⁰ On the other hand, despite the apparent ambiguity in the term "unsecured creditors," courts have unanimously agreed that it does not refer to priority unsecured creditors.¹¹

In the face of this authority, the Debtors contend that the term "unsecured creditors" includes priority and non-priority creditors because the plain language of § 1325(b)(1)(B) does not qualify or distinguish the term "unsecured creditors."

Admittedly, § 1325(b)(1)(B) is not a paragon of clarity. The unqualified term "unsecured creditors" could, conceivably, encompass priority and non-priority unsecured creditors. However, a "plain language" analysis of a statute does not mean that it is read in a vacuum. Rather, a plain language inquiry "requires consideration of the context, reading all relevant statutory provisions together as a whole."¹² The entirety of a statutory scheme may clarify provisions that, in isolation, appear imprecise, especially when "only one of the permissible meanings produces a substantive effect that is compatible with the rest of the law. ..."¹³ In this instance, at least two related provisions of the Bankruptcy Code clarify that the term "unsecured creditors" in § 1325(b)(1)(B) refers to only non-priority unsecured creditors.

First is the requirement in § 1322(a)(2) that a Chapter 13 plan provide for the full payment of all priority claims (unless a creditor agrees to a different treatment).¹⁴ If a debtor is required to pay his priority claims in full, it would be illogical, if not contradictory, to read § 1325(b)(1)(B) as permitting a debtor to pay only a portion of his priority claims, provided he devotes all of his disposable income to the plan.

Second, and perhaps more compelling, is the interaction between § 1325(b)(1)(B) and § 707(b)(2). These provisions are tied together by § 1325(b)(3), which provides that for above-median income debtors the (projected) disposable income referred to in § 1325(b)(2) is to be determined "in accordance with subparagraphs (A) and (B) of section § 707(b)(2)."¹⁵ Section 707(b)(2), in turn, calculates a debtor's disposable income by reducing a debtor's current monthly income¹⁶ by the expenses listed in § 707(b)(2)(A) and (B).¹⁷ One of these expenses is for "payment of all priority claims (including child support and alimony claims) ... calculated as the total amount of debts entitled to priority, divided by 60."¹⁸ Thus, the presumptive disposable income that must be paid to "unsecured creditors" under § 1325(b)(2) explicitly accounts for the payment of priority claims. It would then be absurd to permit the holders of these priority claims to be paid from that disposable income. In other words, interpreting the term "unsecured creditors" in § 1325(b)(2) to include priority creditors would, in essence, permit a debtor to "double-count" payments on priority claims.¹⁹

In light of this absurd result, the Court must reject the Debtors' suggestion that the term "unsecured creditors" in § 1325(b)(2) includes priority creditors. The plain language of the statute, considered in context, has only one permissible interpretation — the term "unsecured creditors" refers to only non-priority unsecured creditors.

2. Beyond the plain language of § 1325(b)(2).

A court should not inquire beyond the plain language of a statute unless: (1) a literal application of the statutory language would produce an absurd result,²⁰ or (2) a literal application of the statutory language would be at odds with the manifest intent of the legislature.²¹ In this case, even if the Court found that the plain meaning of the term "unsecured creditors" in § 1325(b)(2) encompasses priority creditors, the Court would depart from the plain language because both of these exceptions apply.

a. A literal interpretation of § 1325(b)(1)(B) produces an absurd result.

The same absurdity that narrows the permissible interpretations of "unsecured creditors" under a plain language analysis to one that excludes priority creditors also precludes the Court from accepting a literal interpretation of § 1325(b)(1)(B) in which "unsecured creditors" encompasses priority creditors. As discussed above, the formula in § 707(b)(2) used to determine an above-median debtor's presumptive projected disposable income under § 1325(b) deducts the amounts to be paid to priority unsecured creditors to reach a determination of a debtor's disposable income. The logical conclusion from that formula is that the remainder is to be used to pay creditors other than those for which deductions were taken, i.e., non-priority unsecured creditors. Therefore, to the extent the plain language of § 1325(b)(1)(B) mandates an interpretation of "unsecured creditors" that encompasses priority creditors, the Court rejects that interpretation in favor of one that does not.

b. A literal application of § 1325(b)(1)(B) is at odds with the manifest intent of the legislature.

Congress enacted BAPCPA, in part, to deal with perceptions of abuse of the bankruptcy system.²² The formula in 11 U.S.C. § 707(b)(2), as amended by BAPCPA, was designed to "`ensure that...